.


:




:

































 

 

 

 





 

s: my son s book . , -s, : my sons books .

, -s, s: my children s books .

s : my brother-in-law s car .

s , : Mike and Kate s flat (They live in the same flat) . ( ).

, s : Mike s and Kate s flats. (They live in different flats) . ( ).

, -s, s : Burns / Burns s poems . , -s, : Archimedes Law .

of.

He is a friend ofmy brothers. = He is my brother s friend.

 

, :

1. , : Sunday s paper , today s newspaper , two hours delay ;

2. , , : Britain s industry ;

3. : the plane s crew ;

4. , . house , office , shop , etc. : at my friend s , at the baker s ;

5. : the Times editor ;

6. : the University s history ;

7. , , : a kilo s weight , a dollar s worth ;

8. , : the committee s decision ;

9. brain , city , country , the earth , mind , the moon , nature , the ocean , region , science , the sea , the sun , television , town , the world , : science s role .

10. , : the tiger s tail ;

11. , : Selfridge s;

12. :

for order s sake ;

for old acquaintance s sake ;

for God s / Heaven s sake ;

at a stone s throw ;

at arm s length .

 

EXERCISES

 

Exercise 1. Complete the following sentences using the nouns given before.

 

actress daughter lioness nuns sister
aunt goddess nephew prince uncle
bridegroom heroine nieces queens waitress

 

Model: Nicks brother is a programmer and his sister is an accountant.

 

1. My aunt is very nice and my ____ has a wonderful sense of humour.  
2. My ____ is a little boy of five; my niece is a little girl of three.  
3. Nowadays few men become monks and few women become____.  
4. Mike is an actor and his wife is an ____.  
5. Tom and Ann work in a restaurant; he is a waiter and she is a ____.  
6. In fairy tales the handsome ____ usually marries the beautiful princess.  
7. Everyone expects the hero of the story to marry the ____.  
8. We went to the circus and saw a lion and a ____.  
9. I dont think that many people know the names of the kings and ____ of England.  
10. I took a photo of the bride and ____ at the wedding.  
11. My cousin has a son called David and a ____ called Kate.  
12. My uncle and ____ went on holiday to Rome.  
13. I enjoy being an uncle. I have two ____ and three nephews.  
14. In mythology, Mars is the god of war; Nike is the winged ____ of victory.

 

Exercise 2. Underline the noun in each sentence and write C or U to show whether the noun is countable or uncountable.
Model: This is an excellent drawing. C

 

1. Would you like to see my photos?  
2. I eat two apples every day.  
3. I ran out of petrol.  
4. Add a little more flour.  
5. I need two clean glasses.  
6. A lot of paper is wasted.  
7. Hope keeps me going.  
8. He has no hope of passing the examination.  
9. How much milk did you buy?  
10. Where are my two new shirts?  
11. Ill put some more coal.  
12. Too much cake isnt good for you.  
13. Ive bought some cloth.  
Exercise 3. Write the plural of the following nouns.
address datum half life office radio
beach dictionary handkerchief light ox roof
boot father-in-law hotel man passer-by sister-in-law
bottle foot island medium pen-friend shelf
cinema forget-me-not knife means phenomenon species
clock formula lake month photo tape
crisis guitar leaf mouse potato woman

 

Exercise 4. Rewrite these sentences in the plural making necessary changes.

 

Model: This cherry is very sour. These cherries are very sour.

 

1. Ive lost my key.
2. This knife is blunt.
3. The leaf has fallen from the tree.
4. The roof has been repaired.
5. We have a Henry in our family. We have two___.
6. Which volcano is active?
7. This tooth hurts me.
8. Can you see that sheep?
9. A policeman is busy all the time.
10. The farmer is going to sell that goose.
11. Which aircraft has just taken off?

 

Exercise 5. Use is, are, hasorhave.

 

1. The acoustics of the new concert hall ____ excellent.
2. This crossroads ____ dangerous.
3. There ____ several crossroads in this district.
4. Acoustics ____ a subject which studies sound.
5. Our organization headquarters ____ in the center of the city.
6. There ____ many series of books on animals.
7. The statistics in this report ____ inaccurate.
8. Many species of tigers ____ disappeared.
9. That species ____ new to me.
10. Our works ____ got a well-equipped laboratory.
11. My maths ____ improving.
12. There ____ a lot of people at the football match.
13. The police ____ interested in this case.
14. The military ____ called in to deal with the rioting.
15. The committee ____ meeting now.

 

Exercise 6. Complete the sentences with a singular or plural form of a word in the list.
cloth custom expense good surrounding
compass damage glass poultry work

 

1. It is our ____ to give presents at Christmas.
2. The ____ Officer opened my case at the frontier.
3. It will cost £80 to repair the ____.
4. Buying a new car is a great ____.
5. Illness, holidays, and other ____ reduced his bank balance to almost nothing.
6. I cant read without my ____.
7. Would you like a ____ of beer?
8. Ive bought a pair of ____ to draw circles.
9. Sailors must have a good ____ to find their way.
10. Jane always wears beautiful ____.
11. He buys and sells leather ____.
12. You dont see animals in their natural ____ in the zoo.
13. The ____ are being fed.
14. Machines now do much of the ____ formerly done by man.  
15. The steel ____ was closed for the Christmas holidays.  

 

Exercise 7. Replace the of-phrase by the noun in the possessive case.

 

1. The wife of our professor.
2. The order of the commander-in-chief.
3. The novels of Dickens.
4. The ball of the boys.
5. The flat of my father-in-law.
6. The rights of women.
7. A distance of three miles.
8. The crew of the ship.
9. The theatres of Minsk.
10. An interval of three hours.
11. The rays of the sun.
12. The population of Scotland.
13. The father of Ann and John.
14. The children of my sister Mary.
15. The house of Mr. Smith.

 

Exercise 8. A. Only where possible, use an apostrophe to show possession in these sentences.

 

Model: Thats the voice of a man. That s a man s voice.

 

1. I cant see the bottom of the box.
2. Thats the decision of the committee.
3. Its the fault of no one.
4. This is a copy of the poetry of Keats.
5. Thats the leg of the table.
6. Wheres the key of the car?
7. Thats the bell of the village that you can hear.
8. These are stables of the horses.

 

  B. Join the two nouns. Sometimes you have to use - sor - s ; and sometimes you have to use of.

 

Model: the owner/that car the owner of that car

 

1. a delay/an hour
2. a journey/two days
3. the price/success
4. the surface/the earth
5. the shade/the tree
6. the children/Peter and Mary
7. the newspaper/yesterday
8. the economic policy/the government

 

Exercise 9. Put in seven missing possessive apostrophes.

 

No English author of the 19th century was more popular than the novelist Charles Dickens. With areporters eye for the details of daily life Dickens created a body of work that brought him worldwide fame.

Charles Dickens was the second of eight children. In 1817 the family settled in the town of Chatham. These years were the happiest of Dickenschildhood.

Charles Dickens father, a clerk in a navy office, earned enough to provide a middle-class lifestyle for his family, but he was a habitually poor manager of money. In 1824 he was sent with his family to prison for debt. Charles did not go to prison, but he was pulled from school and put to work in a factory. This period had a lasting impact on Dickens character and his art. His familys financial troubles and his unpleasant experience with factory life gave Charles a sympathetic knowledge of the lives and trials of the working class.

At the age of 15 he became a clerk in asolicitors office. Another influential event of this period was his rejection as suitor to Maria Beadnell, a bankersdaughter, because his family and prospects were unsatisfactory.

 

Exercise 10. Make a noun + noun compound.

 

1. a strap you find on a watch
2. a hole where you put a key
3. a racket for playing tennis
4. change in the climate
5. a book you get from the library
6. fumes which come from exhausts
7. an engineer who knows how computers work
8. a directory which contains a list of telephone numbers
9. a bill you receive for your use of electricity

 

Exercise 11. Rewrite each phrase underlined as a noun + noun compound. You may have to change plural and singular forms.

 

Model: South of the Highlands are the Grampian Mountains, the highest range of mountains in the British Isles. mountain range

 

1. Temperatures in areas of desert can reach 50C in summer.
2. Englands supplies of energy are used in a variety of industries.
3. Over a third of the countrys income from exports comes from agricultural products.
4. Australia is the largest exporter of wool in the world.
5. The program of reforestation helped retain the population in the area by providing employment.
6. Crops are watered with systems of irrigation.
7. Great Britain is not very rich in resources of minerals.
8. Minerals produce high earnings from exports.
9. London is the largest city and has an important district for business.
10. The production of vegetables is often done in greenhouses.
11. In the early 21st century the Welsh government took steps to revitalize the economy and bring the standard of living in line with the rest of the country.

 

Exercise 12. Complete the dialogues using one of the words in the box. Sometimes you need the plural.

 

chair glass information money problem
furniture holiday luggage post time

 

1. I wish I hadnt gone to see that film.
Yes, indeed. That was a waste of ____ and ____.  
2. Which girl did you ask for ____?
The young girl. I wish Id seen Miss Smith about it.
Yes, of course. She would have been informed.  
3. Did you have a nice ____?
Not really. I often wished Id brought my car to the Continent. If I had, it would have solved a lot of ____.  
4. Theyve bought one or two pieces of ____
Have they got rid of that awful sofa?
Yes. And theyve bought some new ____ for the kitchen.  
5. Well, here we are. This is our hotel, isnt it?
Yes, theres the name: Princes Court Hotel. Shall I look after the ____, or will you?  
6. Has the ____ come yet, Jane?
Yes, Peter, and theres been a letter from Helen.
Have you read it?
Yes, of course, I have.
Well, just tell me what she says. Ive left my ____ upstairs.

 


(The Article)

 

. : the a / an.

 

 

a , : a sister, a university, a yacht, a house, a one-way ticket.

an , : an article, an hour, an uncle.

a / an :

1. -, :

 

When translating I usually use a dictionary. , .
He bought a bicycle yesterday. .

 

2. , . :

 

My father is a programmer. .
My friend, a second-year student, goes in for sports. , , .

 

3. , :

A square has four sides. .

 

4. such, quite, what, rather:

What a clever man! !

 

5. one :

Ill come in an hour. .
He has won a (one) thousand dollars. .

 

6. , , . . (a / an = per):

 

He goes to the gym four times a week. .
He was driving 70 kilometres an hour. 70 .

 

7. , :

 

I bought a second book on history. .

 

8. :

 

a few to do a favour  
a great (good) deal of to do for a living  
a great number of to catch / have a cold  
a little to give a hand  
a lot of to give / make a call  
all of a sudden to go for a walk  
as a consequence to have a good time  
as a matter of fact ,  
to have a headache  
as a result  
as a rule to have a rest  
at a distance to make an attempt  
at a time ,  
for / after a while / - to make a decision  
in a loud / low voice / to make a mistake  
to make an effort ,  
in such a case  
it s a pleasure to make an offer / suggestion  
it s a pity / a shame  
once a year to take a bus  
to be a success to tell a lie  
to be at a loss to keep a secret  
to put an end to twice a week  
to be in a hurry    

 

 

the :

1. , , :

 

Can you close the window, please? , , .

 

2. , :

 

I have a dog. The dog never bites. . .

 

3. :

 

This is the bicycle that Pete bought. , .
The flats in the center of the city are very expensive. .

 

4. , :

 

Robert Burns, the great Scottish poet, was born in 1759. , , 1759 .

 

5. , , : the sun , the moon , the sky , the world , the North Star , the Eiffel Tower , the zenith .:

 

The sun is bright. .

 

6. :

) ;

) ;

) : same , next, following , last , very , only , exact , former , central , etc.(: next door, last week):

 

The first person to come was my sister. .
He is the most talented scientist. .
Answer the following question. .

 

7. , (: man, woman):

 

The computer plays an important role in education. .
Paleontology is the study of prehistoric man. .

 

8. , , :

 

the poor the unemployed

 

9. , :

 

The Browns lived in Glasgow 5 years ago. 5 .

 

10. :

) , , , , , : the Neva, the Naroch (: Lake Naroch), the Black Sea;

) , , , : the Alps, the British Isles, the Sahara desert;

) , republic , union , kingdom , state , , : the United States of America; the Netherlands, the Crimea, the Arctic;

 

11. , , , , , , , , , : the Hilton, the Red Lion (pub), the National Theatre, the Odeon, the Tate Gallery, the Titanic ;

 

12. of,: the Tower of London;

 

13. , : the Times, the Guardian (: Today);

 

14. , : the North, the East (: to travel north, from West to East);

 

15. , : The Middle Ages , the Second World War (: World War II);

 

16. : the World Cup (: Wimbledon);

 

17. , , : The United Nations Organisation , the Navy , the Labour Party ;

 

18. : the violin , the waltz ;

 

19. , - s,- sh,- ch,- ese,
- ss: the English , the Japanese ;

 

20. , :

 

all the year round on the contrary ,
at the beginning / end / on the one (other) hand ()
at the moment
at the same time , on the right (left) ()
on the whole
at the weekend out of the question ,
by the way
in the afternoon the day before yesterday
in the country the other day ,
in the evening the whole day
in the morning to go to the cinema
in the end to speak to the point
in the night
in the original to tell the time
in the past / present / future // to tell the truth
in the shade ,
in the middle of  

:

1. , , , :

I like coffee. .
Boys like to play football. .

 

2. , , :

 

There are some pictures on the wall. .
Peter s father is a doctor. .
Open your books at page 23. 23.

 

3. :

 

Children, lets go to the park. , .

 

4. home, mother, father, aunt, etc. :

 

Father is at home. .

 

6. , , :

 

Spring begins in March. .
Easter is celebrated onSunday. .

 

7. breakfast , dinner , lunch , supper :

I have breakfast at 8 oclock. 8 .

8. , , , . (: the French language):

 

He teaches physics. .
She can speak French. -.

9. , , :

 

He plays billiards. .

 

10. , , (the) flu , (the) measles , (the) mumps :

 

He developed diabetes three years ago. .

 

11. , , , elect , choose , appoint , . .:

 

Mr. White is head of the company. .
He was appointed manager. .

 

12. church , college , school , hospital , university , prison , :

I left school at seventeen. .

 

13. , :

) ;

) (: the Hague , the Vatican , the Argentine , the Lebanon );

) :

 

Cyprus is one of the largest islands in the Mediterranean. .
The highest mountain in Africa is snowcapped Mount Kilimanjaro. .

 

14. C , , , , ,

(: the High Street, the Strand (street), the Mall, the Whitehall):

 

Heathrow in London is one of the major international airports in Europe. .
Trafalgar Square is in London. .

 

15. , , ., , -s - s:

 

Each London neighborhood has a branch of Barclay s Bank or Lloyd s Bank. .

 

16. , :

 

Princess Elizabeth was born on April 21, 1926. 21 1926 .

 

17. :

 

in / on time do research
for example by chance
by bus / car / sea / air // / in case
at first sight
on business to go to bed
in detail in fact
by heart in conclusion
on foot in connection with
at first / last / at work
at present take action
at night / noon / midnight / / in charge of
on demand ,
to make sense in search of
by all means make progress

EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Explain the use of the indefinite article. Translate into Russian.

 

1. I wish I were a poet to describe it to you.
2. She works as a chemist.
3. Its such a beautiful day.
4. Two hours a week is not enough to learn a foreign language.
5. Sir Wilmer has always been a good neighbour to us.
6. His aunt, a woman of uncertain age, was also present at the ceremony.
7. A man and a woman sat opposite us but they didnt talk.
8. We saw a house with a lawn in front of it.
9. A cat is a domestic animal.
10. He bought a dozen ties at Selfridgess.
11. What a long queue!
12. I go to bed early as a rule.
13. Did you have a good time in Italy?
14. Its a pleasure to see you again.
15. A triangle has three sides.

 

Exercise 2. Explain the use of the definite article. Translate into Russian.

 

1. She gave me the wrong address.
2. Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in Great Britain.
3. The Times is one of the famous British newspapers.
4. A word of thanks was given at the end of the speech.
5. In the evening they gathered together again.
6. The music sounded beautiful.
7. The apples smell good.
8. Some of the worlds great monuments including the cathedrals of Europe and the Colosseum in Rome, have shown signs of deterioration caused by acid rain.
9. Do you know the girl who lives next door?
10. Classes begin on the first of September.
11. The telephone was invented by Alexander Bell.
12. First of all she attended to the wounded.
13. The Middle Ages is a period in European history that lasted from about AD 500 to 1500.
14. The United Kingdom is the third most populous state in the European Union.
15. The Prime Minister and Ministers receive their appointments from the Queen at Buckingham Palace.

 

Exercise 3. Explain the omission of an article. Translate into Russian.

 

1. Her brothers were students at Oxford University.
2. You may put your bag here.
3. The most elementary branch of mathematics is arithmetic.
4. Is it part two of the book?
5. I find it exciting to watch tennis.
6. In many English homes four meals are served: they are breakfast, lunch, tea and dinner.
7. John spoke in a low voice.
8. We reserved this table for lunch.
9. Many people have come here from curiosity.
10. We stayed at home because it rained.
11. Bacon and eggs makes a traditional English breakfast.
12. Since 1952, the sovereign of the United Kingdom has been Queen Elizabeth II.
13. Boxes of chocolates are a favorite gift on Valentines Day.
14. Henry was taken to hospital with appendicitis.
15. He went to Rome on business.

 

Exercise 4. Insert the, a, or an.

 

I live in 1. ____ small house in 2. ____ country. There is 3. ____ small city 4. ____ few miles away. Going to 5. ____ city is no problem unless you are in 6. ____ hurry. There is 7. ____ bus which stops at 8. ____ little gas station opposite our house, but 9. ____ driver of 10. ____ bus never carries 11. ____ watch or pays any attention to 12. ____ printed schedule which he distributes regularly. Therefore, when I have 13. ____ appointment or 14. ____ important engagement, I never depend on 15. ____ Western Transportation Company (16. ____ name of 17. ____ bus line). 18. ____ week ago, I wanted to go into 19. ____ city to buy 20. ____ suit. However, I was expecting 21. ____ guest to come to spend 22. ____ evening with us, so I wanted to get back to 23. ____ house early. In order not to lose any time, I drove to 24. ____ city. I parked in front of 25. ____ one-hour parking meter. When I returned with 26. ____ suit, 27. ____ policeman was standing there. 28. ____ meter indicated 29. ____ violation. I had been away more than 30. ____ hour. 31. ____ policeman was putting 32. ____ parking ticket. I soon realized this was 33. ____ waste of time. When I went to 34. ____ Court House 35. ____ week later, I found out 36. ____ fine for 37. ____ violation was five dollars.

 

Exercise 5. Add the definite article thein the blank spaces if necessary.

THE TRAVELLER

 

There is no part of 1. ____ world which I have not visited. I have travelled through 2. ____ thickest jungles of 3. ____ Africa and 4. ____ upper regions of 5. ____ Amazon. I have been through 6. ____ Taj Mahal, 7. ____ Vatican, and 8. ____ Leaning Tower of 9. ____ Pisa. I have even gone to 10. ____ Seven Wonders of 11. ____ World. I wonder if you can tell me 12. ____ names of 13. ____ seven great structures in this group?

I have been over 14. ____ Cuba, 15. ____ Philippine Islands, 16. ____ England, and 17. ____ Russia. I have touched 18. ____ top of 19. ____ Empire State Building, 20. ____ peak of 21. ____ Mount Everest, and 22. ____ whole range of 23. ____ Alps. I have drifted on 24. ____ Rhine River, 25. ____ Lake Victoria, 26. ____ Atlantic Ocean, 27. ____ Caribbean Sea, and 28. ____ Gulf of 29. ____ Mexico. I have been through 30. ____ streets of 31. ____ New York, 32. ____ Berlin, and 33. ____ Singapore. I have wandered through 34. ____ Balkans, 35. ____ Near East, and 36. ____ Scandinavian Peninsula. How many of these things have you done?

I have passed through 37. ____ House of Parliament in 38. ____ Great Britain, through 39. ____ White House in 40. ____ Washington, and through 41. ____ Kremlin in 42. ____ Moscow. I have been to 43. ____ Coliseum in 44. ____ Rome, 45. ____ Acropolis in 46. ____ Athens, 47. ____ Louvre in 48. ____ Paris, 49. ____ Lenins Tomb in 50. ____ Russia, and 51. ____ Statue of Liberty in 52. ____ New York Harbor. I have been in 53. ____ Texas, 54. ____ largest state in 55. ____ United States, in 56. ____ Venezuela, 57. ____ northernmost state of 58. ____ South America, and in 59. ____ Republic of 60. ____ Panama, split by 61. ____ Panama Canal. Do you think that you could locate all these places on your map?

I have been through 62. ____ Orient, over 63. ____ length of 64. ____ Long Island, and down 65. ____ Park Avenue. I have traveled down 66. ____ Mississippi River, over 67. ____ Island of 68. ____ Formosa, and around 69. ____ entire Australian Continent. I have gone through 70. ____ United Nations Building and 71. ____ Imperial Japanese Palace. I have been through all 72. ____ countries in 73. ____ Americas, in all 74. ____ cities in 75. ____ Europe, and from 76. ____ one end of 77. ____ British Commonwealth to 78. ____ other.

Although I have gone to 79. ____ Columbia University and 80. ____ M.I.T., 81. ____ Saint Andrews, 82. ____ Oxford, and 83. ____ Sorbonne, 84. ____ University of 85. ____ California, 86. ____ Pennsylvania State College, and 87. ____ Renssalaer Polytechnic Institute, I didnt learn geography in these schools. Now can you guess who I am?

Exercise 6. Supply the correct article wherever necessary.

Sugar is one of most important plant products. Word sugar applies to more than 100 distinctive substances, each with scientific name. Sugar most commonly obtained from plants is sucrose. When it has been refined, sugar is colorless and odorless. However, sugar obtained from sap of maple tree tastes different from sugar derived from juice of sugar beet. Impurities account for difference in taste of two forms of sugar. Sugar is produced in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and Americas. Sugar which comes from Cuba is largely cane sugar. Sugar from midwestern part of United States is largely beet sugar.

 

Exercise 7. Complete the following dialogues with a, anortheonly where necessary. Memorize and play them out.

 

1. Thats ____ very nice shirt you are wearing.
Do you really like it?
Yes, and I like ____ colour too.
I got it for $7 in ____ sale.  
2. I havent seen ____ Bob lately. How is he?
Hes been off ____ work for ____ day or two.
Really? Whats ____ matter?
Hes gone down with ____ cold.
Give him my ____ regards.  
3. Excuse me, please. Could you tell me how to get to ____ town centre?
Take ____ third on ____ right and go straight on.
Should I take ____ bus?
No, its only ____ couple of hundred meters.
Thank you.
Its ____ pleasure.  
4. I keep feeling dizzy, and Ive got ____ headache.
How long have you been like this? I think youve got ____ flu.
What should I do?
Take ____ prescription to ____ chemists and then go straight to ____ bed.

 


(The Pronoun)

 

, , . , , .

 

Australia is one of the five continents, but it is much smaller than the other four. , , .

: (Personal Pronouns), (Possessive Pronouns), (Reflexive and Emphatic Pronouns), (Reciprocal Pronouns), (Demonstrative Pronouns), (Indefinite Pronouns), , (Interrogative, Conjunctive and Relative Pronouns), (Universal Pronouns).

 

Personal Pronouns

1- I* me  
2- (thou** ) (thee** , )
3- he she it *** , , him her it ***  
1- we us ,
2- you you ,
3- they **** them **** ,

* I .

** 2- thou ( thee , ) , , , . you.

*** .

**** , .

 

EXERCISES

 

Exercise 1. Substitute pronouns for the italicized words in each sentence.
Model: The boy is reading the book. He is reading it.
1. Mary is studying her lesson with John.
2. His friends always enjoy his jokes very much.
3. The man is moving the furniture into the other room.
4. Frank and I usually meet our friends at the corner.
5. The United States consists of fifty individual states.
6. The women are talking about the party.
7.




:


: 2016-10-30; !; : 508 |


:

:

, .
==> ...

1842 - | 1728 -


© 2015-2024 lektsii.org - -

: 0.298 .