. 20 24 . , , , . , , (vowels). , .
, . , : , , .
, .
(monophthongs [mɔnәfθɔŋz]) - , , . 10 : [ɪ], [e], [æ], [υ], [ɔ], [ɔ ׃], [a:], [ə:], [ә], [ʌ].
, , , . (nucleus), (glide). . 8 : [eı], [aı], [ɔı], [aʊ], [ıə], [eə], [əʊ],[ʊə].
(diphthongoids [dɪfθɔngɔɪdz]) , , . . 2 : [ɪ:], [u:].
(triphthongs ['trıfθɔŋs]) , , . , , , , . , , , , , , - . . : [auə], [ıә], [əuə], [ıә], [ɔıә].
, :
1) (fully front vowels) - [ɪ:], [e], [æ], [eı], [eə];
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2) (front-retracted vowels) - [ɪ] [ɪə], [au], [aı];
3) (mixed vowels) - [ə:], [ə] [əu];
4) (back advanced vowels) - [υ], [ʌ] [uə];
5) (back vowels) - [u:], [ɔ׃], [ɔ] [a:] [ɔɪ].
.
.
.
, , .. , :
1) (close) - [ɪ:], [ɪ], [υ], [u:] [ıə], [uə];
2) (mid-open) - [e], [ə:], [ə] [eı], [eə], [əu];
3) (open) - [æ], [ʌ], [a:], [ɔ], [aı], [aʊ], [ɔı].
(narrow and broad variations):
1) : [i:], [u:];
: [ı], [ʊ] [ıə], [uə];
2) : [e], [ə:], [ɔ:], [əʊ];
: [ə] [eə];
3) : [ʌ], [ɔı];
: [ᴂ], [a:], [ɔ], [aı], [aʊ].
:
1) , (rounded): [ɔ:], [ɔ], [u:], [υ];
2) , (unrounded): [ɪ], [ɪ:], [e], [æ], [a:], [ə:], [ә], [ʌ].
( ) . :
1) : [i:], [u:]; [ɔ ׃], [a:], [ə:];
2) : [ı], [e], [ᴂ], [ɔ], [ʊ], [ʌ], [ə].
( ) ( ). , .. .
IPA (International Phonetic Association) . : 1 - [i:], 2 - [ı], 3 - [e], 4 - [ᴂ], 5 - [a:], 6 - [ɔ], 7 - [ɔ:], 8 - [ʊ], 9 - [u:], 10 - [ʌ], 11 - [ə:], 12 - [ə], 13 - [eı], 14 - [əʊ], 15 - [aı], 16 - [aʊ], 17 - [ɔı], 18 - [ıə], 19 - [eə], 20 - [ʊə].
CO
, , (consonants). , .
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. :
1) (work of the vocal cords);
2) (active organs of speech and the place of obstruction);
3) (manner of noise production);
4) (voice or noise prevalence);
5) (noise producing foci).
, .
, fortis, . , lenis [ ' leinis/ ' li:nɪs] , . , , [d] - [t]. , , [m], [n], [l], [w], [r], [j], [h], .
(labial), (lingual) (glottal).
, , :
1) - (bilabial): [p], [b], [m], [w];
2) - (labio-dental): [f], [v].
:
1) (forelingual): [t],[d], [n], [l], [s], [z], [θ], [ð];
2) (mediolingual): [j];
3) (backlingual): [k], [g], [ŋ].
, . :
) ( apex ), : [t],[d], [n], [l], [s], [z], [θ], [ð];
) ( cacumen ), , : [r];
) ( dorsum ), , : [], [].
[j] . , .
[h], .
:
1) (interdental): [θ], [ð];
2) (alveolar): [t],[d], [n], [l], [s], [z];
3) (postalveolar): [r];
4) - (palato-alveolar): [ʃ], [ʒ], [ʧ], [ʤ]..
:
1) - (occlusive/ stop/ plosive) , , , [t], [d], [p] . (sonants) [m], [n], [ŋ], (closure);
2) (constrictive) , , , (fricatives) - [f], [v], [ð], [θ] [r], [j], [w], [l]. ;
3) - (occlusive-constrictive) , (affricates) - [ʧ], [ʤ], .
, , , .
- , (unicentral) - [s], [z] (bicentral) - [f], [v], [θ], [ð], [r], [j], [ʧ], [ʤ],[ʃ], [w].
UNIT 4
