The conquest of England by the Normans began in1066 with the battle of Hastings (1), where the English fought against the Normans. The conquest was complete in 1071.
Who were these Normans who conquered England? They were Vikings (2) or "Northmen", men from the North. Some 150 years before (3) the conquest of England they came to a part of France, opposite England, a part which we now call Normandy (Northman-dy). There they adopted the Christian faith, the French language and the Roman law of their new home in France. They became French.
What did the Norman conquest do to England?
It gave it French kings and nobles. The Normans also brought with them the French language. After the Norman conquest there were three languages in England. There was Latin, the language of church and the language in which all learned men wrote and spoke; the kings wrote their laws in Latin for some time after the Conquest. It was difficult for the people to understand these laws. Then there was French, the language which the kings and nobles spoke and which many people wrote. Finally, there was the English language which remained the language of the masses of the people. Some men might know all these languages; many knew two; but most of the people knew only one. There were some people who understood the French language though they could not speak it. Rich people who owned land, the landowners, often knew French and Latin. But poor people, the peasants, did not understand French or Latin. They understood only English.
In time, however, came the general use of the English language. About 1350 English became the language of law; and at that time there lived the first teacher who taught his boys to read and write English and to translate, not from Latin into French (4), but from Latin into English. Then between 1350 and 1400 lived Wycliffe ['wIklIf] who made the first complete translation ofthe Bible into English, and Chaucer (5), the father of English poetry.
The English language when itcame into general use (6) was not quite the same as it was before the Conquest. The grammar remained, but many words came into it from the French language.
(1) the battle of Hastings . - .
(2) Vikings . VIII . XI .
(3) Some 150 years before sa - 150
(4) from Latin info French . : to translate from... into...
(5) Chaucer [CO:sq] , XIV ,
(6) came into general use
adopt [q'dOpt] v ,
after ['Q:ftq] prp , ; adv
against [q'genst] prp
battle ['bxtl] n
become [bI'kAm], Past Ind. became [bI'keIm] v
before [bI'fO:] prp , ; adv ,
between [bI'twJn] prp
Bible ['baIbl] n
bring [brIN], Past Ind. brought [brO:t] v
|
|
|
Christian ['krIstjqn]
church [Cq:C] n
complete [kqm'plJt] ; v
conquer ['kONkq] v ,
conquest ['kONkwest] n
difficult ['dIfIk(q) lt]
faith [feIT] n
father ['fQ:Dq] n
fight [faIt], Past Ind. fought [fO:t] v , ,
finally ['faInqlI] adv
first [fq:st]
France [frQ:ns] n
French [frenC] ,
general ['Gen(q) r(q) l] ; n
grammar ['grxmq] n
home [hqum] n () , ;
however [hau'evq] adv
king [kIN] n
land [lxnd] n
landowner ['lxnd"qunq] n ,
language ['lxNgwIG] n
Latin ['lxtIn] n ;
law [lO:] n ,
learned ['lq:nId]
mass [mxs] n ;
noble ['nqubl] ; the nobles n ,
Norman ['nO:mqn] ;
opposite ['OpqzIt] adv, prp ,
own [qun] v
peasant ['pez(q) nt] n
poetry ['pquItrI] n
poor [puq]
quite [kwaIt] adv , ,
remain [rI'meIn] v
rich [rIC]
Roman ['rqumqn]
same [seIm] ,
speak [spJk], Past Ind. spoke [spquk] v
teach [tJC], Past hid. taught [tO:t] v ,
teacher ['tJCq] n
translation [trxns'leIS(q) n] n
understand ["Andq'stxnd], Past Ind. understood ["Andq'stu:d] v
use [ju:s] n , ; ; [ju:z] v ,
. after, before, against, between, finally, however, opposite. -.
, . French, English, Russian, Latin . : a Russian book , a Latin text , the French language ; : he is Russian ; they are English ; she is French ; the English, the French , . speaks English; he translates into French : -; .
. , , , grammar, poetry, mass. , . . ; .
| battle | ||
| complete | ||
| finally | ||
| general | , | |
| language | ||
| Roman | ||
| opposite |
landowner : land , own , - ( 6).
, land country : our land this country . land , , ; , the country ( the) , (, ). : lives in the country ( ).
|
|
|
translation to translate ( 5). translation ().
month [mAnT] , yesterday ['jestqdI] , last [lQ:st] , , ago [q'gqu] , .
1. to translate to write Past Indefinite .
2. Past indefinite .
3. :
Ann understood all the words. She showed us her translation.
4. :
1. Was this text difficult? 2. Did you know this law? 3. Did the teacher see you? 4. Did they use the same dictionary ()? 5. Was John a docker? 6. Did he work well? 7. Did you like his translation? 8. Were there any landowners in this country before 1917? 9. Did you ask about that? 10. Was there a clock in his room? 11. Did he become an engineer (["enGI'nIq] )? 12. Did you bring your translation? 13. Were they rich?
5. , Past Indefinite.
The teacher asks them questions and they answer them. The children dance together. We study grammar. The water becomes warm. I am not against you. They bring us some red apples. My father comes home when the clock strikes seven. He lives opposite me. His children speak French and English. We do not write Latin. Our collective farm () is large.
6. , was were. :
... here before me. The text... complete. The translation... easy. We... busy. His father... a teacher. They... in England. Where... you last year? The landowners... rich. The peasants... poor.
7. , . 119, .
8. , . :
about, after, against, before, between, from, into, like, over, same, though, under
February comes... January. March comes... April. August comes... July and September.... you. I can translate... English... Russian.... I cannot speak English. We fight... war (). Both the English and the Americans speak the... language. Yesterday we spoke... the great battles of the Second World War. Birds fly... our heads. He stood... a tree.
9. .
10. :
in 1914, in 1891, in 1150, in 1794, in 1369, in 1978
11. .
1. - : :
1. When did the English fight against the Normans? 2. Who were the Normans? 3. Where is Normandy? 4. What language did the Normans speak when they conquered England? 5. How many languages were there in England after the Norman conquest? 6. Who. spoke French? 7. What language did the peasants understand? 8. When did English become the language of law? 9. Whom do the English call the father of English poetry?
II. , . :
translated the text yesterday. They understood it. We remained in the South all winter. There was a park opposite our house. We wanted to make a general plan. We could read his poetry. They taught us grammar. We knew some Latin words. He brought me some pens. We bought some red. apples yesterday. ( 10.)
|
|
|
III. :
Ann lived in the country. Their house was opposite ours. They were at home. Her father was a peasant. Their collective farm was rich. They had much land. Russian peasants were poor before the October Revolution of 1917. He fought in that battle. He helped me. They drank water. He read my translation. He ate too much. He remained in our city.
IV. :
I study French. I teach French. Are you for or against the use of this method? I can translate from Latin, but not into Latin. However, I understand both French and Latin quite well. He seems to be quite ill. He studies law. Before 1929 he was a poor peasant. He did not know English before.
V. .
: Did you know him? I knew him.
Did you see him yesterday? Did you speak to him? Did he say that? Did he want to see me? Was he busy at that time? Was his father with him? Did she bring her a new book? Was the plan complete? Did the children fight?
VI. :
in 1794, in 1880, in 1516, in 1915
VII. .
VIII. :
after, translation, before, adopt, peasant, home, year, between, however, battle, against, general, teacher, yesterday, father, bring, first, complete, become, fight, law, teach, use, French, land, finally, language, quite, conquer, speak, rich, same, opposite, remain, poor, understand
IX. , :
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , (), , ,
5 2, 3, 4, 8, 10. 9-10.
