(), [H+]:
= lg[H+], [H+] = (+) /.
: (, [H+] >10-7 /), (, [H+] < 10-7 /) (, [H+] = 10-7 /).
16
,
() | , [+], / | |
< 7 | > 10-7 | |
~ 7 | ~ 10-7 | |
> 7 | < 10-7 |
, , ( 17).
=const:
[+]∙[-] = const = K, K .
17
( < 3,1) | (3,1 < < 4,4) | ( > 4,4) | |
( < 4,2) | (4,2 < < 6,3) | ( > 6,3) | |
( < 8,0) | - (8,0 < < 9,8) | ( > 9,8) | |
( < 5,0) | (5,0 < < 8,0) | ( > 8,0) |
= 298 (25) [+] = [-]=10-7 /, :
KW = K = 10-710-7 = 10-14.
25 14. , (), [+][-] . , [+] [-].
, .
. , : , , .. + , .. , :
PCl3 + 3H2O = H3PO3 + 3HCl,
Al2S3 + 6H2O ↔ 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2S.
. .
, . , :
|
|
KCN+H2O ↔ HCN+KOH
AlCl3+H2O ↔ Al(OH)Cl2+HCl
( HCN, Al(OH)Cl2).
, :
1) ;
2) ;
3) .
, , , :
++- ↔ 2
, .
: HNO2, H2SO3, H2O2, CH3COOH, H2SiO3, HF, H2CO3, HCN, H2S, H3PO4. : HNO3, H2SO4, HCl, HBr, HJ, ClO4, MnO4. C ( NH4OH), , NaOH, Ba(OH)2, Ca(OH)2.
:
1. , :
H2CO3 + 2 NaOH = Na2O3 + 2H2O
H2S + 2 KOH = K2S + 2H2O
H2O , :
Na2O3 2 Na + + CO3 2−
+, H2O, HO3− -, −, .
HOH + CO32- HO3 − + OH
, , > 7. .
:
Na2O3 + NaHO3 + NaOH
H2O . , , .
, . . :
: Na2S + NaS + Na
S- + 2S + -
: NaS + 2S + Na
, , , . . , , (2S), , , (S-), .
2. , :
Cu(OH)2 + H2SO4 = CuSO4 + 2 H2O
Zn(OH)2 + 2 HCl = ZnCl2 + 2 H2O
|
|
H2O (.. NH4+), :
ZnCl2 → Zn 2+ + 2 Cl¯
, H2O, (Zn+), +, .
Zn 2+ + Zn+ + +
, , < 7, .
:
ZnCl2 + ZnCl + Cl
, , .
, :
Cu(NO3)2 Cu2+ + 2 NO3
: Cu(NO3)2 + CuNO3 + NO3
CuOH+ + Cu()2 + +
: CuNO3 + Cu()2 + NO3
. .
3. , :
3 + N4O = 3N4 + 2
2 Al(OH)3 + 3 H2O3 = Al2(O3)3 + 6 2
, 2 , :
3N4 → 3‾ + N4+
3‾ + 3 + ‾
N4+ + N4 + +
+ ‾. , .
, , c, 2. + ¯ . (+ + ¯ = 2) .
- ( ) , . , , , , , 2, . ¯ , + . , , , , , , .
, , , , , .. + ¯ 2 .
, .
:
2
Al2(O3)3 + 6 2 = 2 Al(OH)3↓ + 3 H2O3
2
Al2S3 + 6 2 = 2 Al(OH)3↓ + 3 H2 S↑
. , , .
4. , , :
NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H2O
2 KOH + H2SO4 = K2SO4 + 2 H2O
.
|
|
, , .. . , , . , , . .
() . , ( ).
, , :
= ,
. , , .
, , :
= ,
b . , , .
, , :
=
, . : . . , , , , , .
, , :
Na2CO3+H2O↔NaHCO3+NaOH 1 , ,2
CO32- +H2O↔HCO3- +OH-
NaHCO3-+H2O↔H2CO3+OH- 2 , ,1
HCO3- +H2O↔H2CO3+OH-
, -, ,2 , , ,1 . , 1 , 2, , 2 , 1:
, 1 = > , 2 =
, . , .
, , .. , .. .
, - : . :
NH4++H2O↔H3++NH3