-, . , -. .
3. 3. ? . .
3 ( ) 25 20, 24 50 . 20- . , . . , . , . , 2 . . . . . , .
. , . , , . , .
Δ l = l l 0, l , ; l 0 .
Δ l ≤ 2 , . . , , .
4 . , ?
, .
( X Y). . , , . : ( 8.1).
( . 8.1, ) . , . ( 1,5 ). , . .
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(. 8.1, ) . . , . 12 . .
5 ?
: ∆β=β- β, β- , , β
∆l = (∆β ∙ l) /ρ, ∆l = , l=
D = d/cos Ѵ, d , ,Ѵ
: D= nl+r+∆Dk+∆DѴ+∆Dt, n - , l , r , , ∆Dk =∆lk ∙ d /l , ∆DѴ = 2 d sin2(Ѵ/2) , ∆Dt = a(t tk)d ( , tk , t )
= H + , ,
B =
h1 =i1d1; h2=i2d2; h3=i3d3, i-; b = a-h1; c= b-h2;d=c-h3, -, b, , d-
( 7.1) , () . . , ( , ).
, , () () . . h = , .
7 ?
. :
1. . , ( ) , .
2. . , , . , , -. 90, . , -. , .
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3. . . , . ( -30) ( 5, 2 . .) , .
12