IP (. IP Internet protocol) . , , ',
IP- IP-. , 65535 ( ).
(Version) 4- , IP. ' IP , .
IP- (IP header Length HLEN) 4- , 32- . .
(Type of Service TOS) 8- , , .
(Total Length) 16- , , . , HLEN.
(Identification) , , . .
(Flags) 3- , . , .
(Fragment Offset) 13- , . 16 .
(Time-to-Live TTL) 8- , (, (hops)) . , .
(Protocol) 8- , , , IP-. TCP UDP.
(Header Checksum) 16- , .
IP- (Source IP address) (, , ) 32- , IP- -.
IP- (Destination IP adress) (, , ) 32- , ().
(Options) , IP , .
ϳ (Padding) , , IP- 32 .
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(Data) (64 .), .
37. .
́ (. Routing) . :
.
RIP, OSPF, EIGRP, IS-IS, BGP, HSRP , ' .
:
Routing Information Protocol, RIP ' , ( ), .
OSPF (. Open Shortest Path First) , 㳿 (link-state technology), (Dijkstra's algorithm). , , , .
IGRP (. Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) , Cisco, 80- (AS), . IGRP , , , . .
EIGRP - , 㳿 , .
Border Gateway Protocol, BGP (. ) .
BGP , , , , , . BGP , , .