/ . , It's draughty here ( → ) , , (). , , (), , , . .:
There's little chalk left. [ = Bring some more. ]
There's too much chalk. [= Take away some. ]
There's water. [= Wipe it off. ]
There's no water. [ = Bring some. ]
, ( ), .
( ) , , , . . , , . ) I've run out of cigarettes , - . Are you still here?, . , , , , , , : You should stop smoking/You're a heavy smoker indeed . . I've run out of cigarettes And where should I be?/Certainly . . Are you stilt here?
. , . , . .
: . , , . . ( ) ( ), . , , . . , , , , . , , , , , , .
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|
, . I vow to you+ S I give you word + S, , , .
, , . ( , , , ) , . , , , , , .
. , - , . , , , (., , ( ) , , , ), (. ). , . .
, - . - (. to say, to declare, to blame, to plead, to promise, to pledge, to criticise, to apologize . .). , , , , .
. . . . .: , 1964,
. . . .: , 1983.
. . . .: , 1976.
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|
. . , .: . , 1975.
. . ..: . , 1966.
. . .: , 1968.
. . ..: , 1975.
.. . .: - . . ., 1960.
. . .: - . ., 1958.
.. . .: , 1961.
. . . 2- . .: . . -, 1971. . .
. . . .: , 1968.
. ., . . . 2- ., . .: , . -, 1972. . .
. .: , 1968.
E. . . .: , 1978.
. . .: , 1978.
. . . .: , . -, 1980.
. . . : , 1971.
. .: , 1967.
. . . .: - . . ., 1959.
. . , .: - . . ., 1957.
E. . . : , 1974.
- . . . .: , 1974,
. .: , 1972.
. . . .: , 1975.
. . . .: , . -, 1974.
Fries . . The Structure of English. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1952.
Hill A. A. Introduction to Linguistic Structures. New York-Burlingame: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1958.
Quirk R., Greenbaum S., Leech G., Svartvik J. A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman, 1972.
Sweet H. A New English Grammar Logical and Historical. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Pt. 1. Introduction, Phonology, and Accidence, 1891; Pt. 2. Syntax. 1898.
( )
, 76, 157, 173, 212, 213, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 250, 273
, 217, 224
- , 196, 217, 218, 220, 221, 222, 223
, 213, 241, 242, 249
, 228
, 127, 145, 225
, 58, 123, 162, 238, 281
, 240
, 206, 207
, 205
, 197, 198, 199, 200, 211
, 188, 197, 198, 200, 209, 210, 211, 212, 244
, 198, 199
, 198, 199, 200, 213, 242
, 229
, 266
, 266
, 277
, 268, 269
, 232
, 272
, 164, 240
, 241, 242, 250
, 271
, 273
, 249, 250
, 228, 229
, 229
, 228
- , 217, 221, 222, 225
- , 221
, 173, 212, 213, 241, 242, 244, 247, 248, 249, 250, 273
, 271
, 274
, 231
, 267
, 74, 139, 142, 148, 235
, 114, 165, 166, 190, 231, 232, 282
, 238
, 240, 260, 261, 262, 265, 266
, 228
, 273
, 85, 95, 171, 231, 232, 235, 237, 282
, 171, 230
, 227
, 229
, 189, 240, 251
, 164, 165, 168, 171, 172, 175, 230, 232, 238, 251
|
|
, 270
, 247, 274
, 179, 240
, 40, 42, 48, 49, 93, 96, 121, 122, 131, 142, 149, 156, 157, 166, 172, 194, 218, 223, 238, 239, 240, 249, 252
, 239, 240, 242, 261
, 239, 286
, 238, 271
, 242, 256
, 241
, 212
, 239
, 197, 212, 240, 241, 242, 247, 248, 273, 286
, 239
, 240
, 144, 150, 155, 156, 207, 240
, 238, 240
, 238, 239, 286
, 168, 213, 216, 227, 228, 229, 230, 232
, 213, 233, 286
, 96, 166, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 286
, 237, 286
, 242, 250
, 200
, 218, 221, 222, 223
, 265
, 182, 188, 213
, 113, 229
, 208, 235
, 265
, 265
3
4
1.
1.1. 14
1.2. 21
1.3. 34
1.4. 39
1.5. 40
1.6. 46
1.6.1. 46. 1.6.2. . 47 1.6.3. . 47 1.6.4. . 1.6.5. . 49 1.6.6. . 50 1.6.7. . 1.6.8. . 1.6.9. 51 1.6.10. 53 1.6.11. . 1.6.12. . 1.6.13. 57 1.6.14. 60 1.6.15. - 64 1.6.16. 65 1.6.17. 66 1.6.18. 67 1.6.19. 68 1.6.20. 74 1.6.21. (). 80
283
1.7. 87
1.8. 89
1.9. 90
1.10. , 91 1.11. 91
1.12. 92
1.12.1. , 92. 1.12.2. , 94.
1.13. 95
1.14. 96
1.15. 98
. 98
2. 100
2.0.1. 100. 2.0.2. 101. 2.0.3. 101. 2.0.4. 105. 2.0.5. 106. 2.0.6. 108. 2.0.7. 108.
2.1.
109
2.1.1. 109. 2.1.2. 111. 2.1.3. 114. 2.1.4. 115. 2.1.5. 116. 2.1.6. 116. 2.1.7. 118. 2.1.8. 120. 2.1.9. 120. 2.1.10. 121. 2.1.11. 124. 2.1.12. N1 + N2 124. 2.1.13. 126. 2.1.14. 128. 2.1.15. 130. 2.1.16. - 130. 2.1.17. 131. 2.1.18. 134. 2.1.19. 134. 2.1.19.1. 134. 2.1.192. 135. 2.1.193. 136. 2.1.19.4. 139. 2.1.19.5. 141. 2.1.19.6. 141. 2.1.19.7. 143. 2.1.19.8. 143 2.1.20. 144. 2.1.21. 146. 2.1.22. 147. 2.1.23. 148.
|
|
2.2. -
149
2.2.1. 149. 2.2.2. 151. 2.2.3. 154. 2.24. 156 2.2.5. 159. 2.2.6. . 162.
163
3.
3.1. ( ) 164
3.1.1. 164. 3.1.2. 165. 3.1.3. 19. 3.1.4. 171. 3.1.5. 173. 3.1.6. 177. 3.1.7. 181.
3.2. 183
3.2.1. 183. 3.2.1.1. 183. 3.2.1.2. 186. 3.2.1.3. 190. 3.2.1.4. 191. 3.2.1.5. 192. 3.2.1.6. 196. 3.2.1.7. 200. 3.2.1.8. 201. 3.2.1.9. 205. 3.2.2. 207. 3.2.2.1. 207. 3.2.2.2. . 209. 3.2.2.3. 213. 3.2.2.4. 214. 3.2.2.5. 215. 3.2.2.6. 217. 3.2.2.7. 224. 3.2.2.8. 227. 3.2.3. 230. 3.2.3.1. 230. 3.2.3.2. 233. 3.2.3.3. 235. 3.2.3.4. 237.
3.3. 238
3.3.1. 238. 3.3.2. 240. 3.3.3. 241. 3.3.4. 248. 3.3.5. 250. 3.3.6. 252. 3.3.7. 254. 3.3.8. 255. 3.3.9. - 256. 3.3.10. 260. 3.3.11. 252. 3.3.12. 265. 3.3.13. 266.
3.4. 267
3.4.1. 267. 3.4.2. 268. 3.4.3. 271. 3.4.4. 275.
282