a , - . , a ( a - . ).
- , ;
- H2SO4; HClO4; HNO3; HMnO4, 7 , HF;
- Fe(SNC)3; CuCl2.
.
:
NaCl Na++Cl-
HCl H++Cl-
, (). , :
H2SO4 H+ + HSO4-,
HSO4- H+ + SO42-;
Ba(OH)2 Ba(OH)+ + OH-,
Ba(OH)+ Ba2+ + OH-.
:
Fe2(SO4)3 2Fe3+ + 3SO42-.
:
3 ++3-.
, (). ( )
=[3-]×[+] / [3],
[3], [3-] [+] - , /. . , . (acid - ), - b (base - ).
=a2×/(1-a),
- . a<<1 ( )
a=Ö(/).
( ), :
34 ++24- 1 = 7.5 × 10-3
24- ++42- 2 = 6.3 × 10-8
42- ++43- 3 = 1.3 × 10-12
, - ( > 1):
Ca(OH)2 Ca(OH)+ + OH- Kb1
Ca(OH)+ Ca2+ + OH- Kb2
, , . . , ( ), , , 1 > 2 > 3 .. .
|
|
.
2 ++- .
K = [H+]×[OH-] /[H2O].
,
Kw = K×[H2O] =[H+]×[OH-] = const.
, Kw, . . 25
Kw = [H+]×[OH-] = 1× 10-14.
Kw , (, ) , .. . , . , :
[H+]=[OH-]=Ö1× 10-14 = 10 - 7 / - ;
[H+] > 10-7 / - ;
[H+] < 10-7 / - .
, , . :
= - lg[H+]; pOH = - lg[OH-].
+ = 14.