I. , - , , , .
1. SO2+K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 ...
2. H2O2 + K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 ...
3. H2O2+PbO2+CH3COOH Pb(CH3COO)2 +...
4. Na2SO3 + KJO3 + H2SO4 ...
5. KJ + O3 + 2 2+...
6. H2S + H2SO3 ...
7. O2 + FeSO4 + H2O ...
8. KJ + KNO2 +H2SO4 ...
9. HC1 + HNO3 ...
10. H2S + KMnO4 + H2SO4 ...
11. Kbr + MnO2 + H2SO4 ...
12. H2O2 + KMno4 + H2SO4 ...
13. Kbr + KMnO4 + H2O ...
14. MnSO4 + KMnO4 + 2ή...
15. PbO2 + HC1 ...
16. FeSO4 + H2O2 + H2SO4 ...
17. Cr(OH)3 + Br2 + NaOH ...
18. NaNO2 + KMnO4 + H2SO4 ...
19. NaNO2 + KmnO4 +2 ...
20. A1 + NaOH + 2 ...
21. K2Cr2O7 + KJ + H2SO4 ...
22. K2Cr2O7 + Hbr ...
23. K2Cr2O7 + Na2SO3 + H2SO4 ...
24. C12 + KOH KC1O +...
25. Cu + HNO3 NO2 +...
26. Zn + HNO3 NH4NO3 +...
27. Mg + HNO3 N2O +...
28. Ag + HNO3 NO +...
29. KC1O + KJ + H2SO4 KC1 +...
30. KC1O + KJ + H2O KC1 +...
II. .
1. H2S + HC1O H2SO4 + C12 +...
2. KC1 + J2 + K2SO4 KC1O3 + KJ + H2SO4
3. JO3- + A1 + H+ J-+A13++...
4. C1O- + C1- + H+ C12 +...
5. Zn +OH- +... [Zn(OH)4]2- + H2
6. A1 + OH- +... [Al(OH)6]3- + H2
7. S + J- +... S2-+JO3- + H+
8. Mn2++Br2 MnO4- + Br- +...
9. Cr3++Fe3+ Cr2O72- + Fe2+ +...
10.[Cr(OH)6]3- + C1O- CrO42- + C1-+...
11.HC1 + H2SO4 C12 + H2SO3
12.H2S + H2O2 SO42- + H+ + H2O
13.Pb2++NO3- +H2O PbO2 + H++NO2-
14.C12 + J2 + H2O HC1 + HJO3
15.FeSO4 + HNO2 + H2SO4 Fe2(SO4)3 + NO +...
III
1. Mn2+ MnO4- 12, NO3-, S2O82-, JO3- ?
2. ) KMnO4 , ) NO ? .
3. ( ) , a) KC1, KNO2, H2SO4; ) KJ, KNO2, H2SO4; ). HgCl2 KJ?
4. KJO3 KJ; HJ HClO; KBr KMnO4?
5. C ) KMnO4 FeSO4; ) KNO3 KMnO4 )Fe2(SO4)3 K2Cr2O7. ?
- . (v) t1 t2
v = (2 - 1)/ (t2 - t1) = D/Dt,
1 2 - t1 t2; - , (D < 0), + - (D > 0).
|
|
- t.
v = dc/dt.
, ,
+ bB cC + dD, (1)
-1/×dC()/dt= -1/b×dC(B)/dt = 1/×dC()/ dt =1/d×dC(D)/dt.
1
3 + 2C + D
[] = 0,03 /; [] = 0,01 /; [] = 0,08/. ?
(t = 0) (t) .
3 + 2C + D
t = 0 x y 0 0
t 0,03 0,01 0,08
, t [] Z. , , 3 , , , , 3Z. 2Z, D - Z. :
2Z = 0,08 /, Z = 0,04 /;
= 0,03 + 3Z = 0,03 + 3×0,04 = 0,15 /,
[] = 0,15 /;
= 0,01 + Z = 0,01 + 0,04 = 0,05 /,
[] = 0,05 /.
, , - ; (, ); ; ; ( ).
()
. (1)
v = k×[A]×[B]b,
[A] [B] - ; k - ; , - . . () . .
2
+ , , 0,05 0,01 /, 5×10-5 /×.
v = k ×[A]1 ×[B]1,
v = 5×10-5,
k = v/([]×[])= 5×10-5/(0,05×0,01) = 1×10-1 × -1 × -1.
3
2NO() + O2() 2NO2().
, 3 ?
). v = k ×[NO]2×[O2].
). . , v0,
v = k ×(3[NO])2× (3[O2]) =27× k ×[NO]2×[O2] = 27× v0.
, 27 .
4
, 2 + , 4 , 2 .
|
|
:
v0 = k ×[A]2×[B].
v = k × (4×[])2×(1/2×[])= 8× k ×[]2×[] = 8×v0.
, 8 .
-,
v2 = v1×g Dt/10,
v1 v2 - t1 t2 , Dt = t2 - t1, g - ( -).
5
50 2 . 15 . 70, 3.
- ,
v2/ v1 = g Dt/10=3(70-50)/10= 9 .
, 9 t70 = t50/9 = 135/9 = 15 (c).
6
50 1200 . .
-
v2/ v1 = g Dt/10 Þ 1200 = g 50/10= g 5 Þ g =5Ö1200=4,13.
pe :
k = × xp[-Ea/(R)],
, R - (8,314 ×-1×-1); - , ; - , ; - , /. .
7
3() + NO() O2() +N2() 10 /. 27 37?
v = k ×[3]×[N].
, [3] [N] k.
k 2/ k 1=[×xp(-Ea/(R2))]/[×xp(-Ea/(R1)) =
= exp[- (Ea/R)×(1/T2 -1/T1)]=
= exp[(Ea/R)(T2-T1)/(T1×T2)] ,
1n (k 2/ k 1) =(Ea/R)(T2-T1)/(T1×T2).
,
1n (k 2/ k 1) =(10 000/8.314)(310-300)/(300×310)=0.129.
k2/k1=1.14, . . , , , 1.14 :
v2 / v = 1.14.
8
g , c 120 5,88×10-4, 170 6,7×10-2.
1). 7
1n (k 2/ k 1) =(Ea/R)(T2-T1)/(T1×T2) Þ
=1n (k 2/ k 1)×R×T1×T2 /(T2-T1) =
=ln(6.7×10-2/ 5,88×10-4) ×8.31×393×443 /(443-393)=137 029 /=
137 /.
2). -
k 2/ k 1= v2/ v1 = g Dt/10Þ
1n (k 2/ k 1)= (Dt/10)× 1n g Þ
1n g =(10/Dt)×1n (k 2/ k 1)=(10/50)×ln(6.7×10-2/ 5,88×10-4)= 0.947 Þ
g = 2.58
, . .
9
75 /, - 50 /. , 25?
|
|
k 2/ k 1 = xp[-Ea2/(R)]/xp[-Ea1/(R)] = xp[(Ea1-2)/(R)] Þ
v2/ v1 = k 2/ k 1 = xp[(75 000-50 000)/(8.31×298)] = 24 231.
, 25 24 231 .
, , . , - :
---------
+ + dD
--------
, .
= ([C]cp×[D]dp) / ([A]ap×[B]bp),(2)
[C]p, [D]p, [A]p, [B]p - ; a, b, c d - ; - ( , ). . (2) .
, , (2) , ; :
1) ;
2) , ;
3) ; - ( ) .
, , , Pi :
= (PcC×PdD) / (PaA×PbB).
10
+ 2 [] [], [] = 0,3 /, [] =1,1 / [] = 2,1 /.
= [C]p / ([A]p×[B]2p) Þ
= 2.1/(0.3×1.12) = 5.79.
, 2,1 2,1 2,1×2 = 4,2 . , :
[] = 0,3 +2,1 = 2,4 (/),
[] = 1,1 + 4,2 = 5,3 (/).
11
2+J2 2HJ, [2 ]o = 0,03 /; [ J2]= 0,05 /, [HJ] = 0,04 /.
. .
1 , | 2 + | J2 | 2HJ |
0.03 | 0.05 | ||
0.02 | 0.02 | - | |
() | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.04 |
2 J2 1/2 HJ . 2 J2 .
|
|
= [HJ]2p / ([H2]p×[J2]p)=0.042/(0.01×0.03)=5.33.
12
+ = +D 4. , V = 1 2 1 .
, .
1 , | + + D | |||
- | - | |||
() | 2- | 1- |
,
= ([C]p×[D]p) / ([A]p×[B]p) Þ 4 = 2/[(1-)×(2-)].
x1 = 3,15 2 = 0,85. e , . . 2. , []=[D]= 0,85 /, []=1,15 /, [] = 0,15 /
: , , - ( , , ), , .
13
N2 + 32 2N, D = - 92,4
1) 2 N2;
2) N3;
3) ;
4) .
1). , , , , .. . :
=[N]2/ ([N2]×[2]3).
|N2] [H2] . , , .. [NH3], N3, .. .
, N3 .
2). . - , .
3). , . , , . . .
. , 2 . 2 . , v = k×[N2]×[H2]3 16 , v = k ×[NH3]2 - 4 . .
4). , . . , .