XX . ( ) , , 1912 . (Wahlke, 1991, . 58). ³ - , , 1914 . (Blondel, 1999, . 155).
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90- XIX . - , 㳿 - , , : , , ; (, 1990, . 471). : , , . , , , , - ( , . 472). . , , - . - .
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1904 . ' - - . : - , ( . - ..) , "". , , . , , , (, 1990, . 393).
, , XX , . . .
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, , . - (, 1921). , (propound theories), : , - , , (ibid, p. 13). : . , , , (facts of particular democracies) . , (commended) ' , ' , , ' ' , (ibid, p. 6). , ., , 㳿 .
, . , , , 䳿 . , . , , (ibid, p. 4). , 㳿, , . , , , , .., .
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, . , , , , 볿 䳿, . ' . , , - (Headlam-Morley, 1928) ͳ, , Գ䳿, ⳿, , (ibid, p. 158).
: (essentially noncomparative), (essentially descriptive), , (essentially parochial), (essentially static), (essentially monographic) (Macridis 1955; 1969, p. 3 - 9). , , , (Bill & Hardgrave 1981, p. 3-10).
, , , , (Blondel, 1999, . 154).
㳿, - , ( , , , ͳ, ), ' . , (, ) , . . . -, - , . . -, , , , . . -, , ' . , . 㳿 , .
ֳ , 1927 ., - - (Reports, 1927).
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30- 40- ', , , 㳿 , .
, 1932 . (Finer, 1932), , (Finer, 1949). (Fridrich, 1937), (Fridrich, 1946). (country-by-country approach) (institution-by-institu-tion approach). ӳ (Wheare, 1945) (Wheare, 1951). , " (Duverger, 1951). ֳ 㳿.
㳿 . .. , 20- . 30- , -, : . , . - , . - (Almond 1997, . 54). , - 㳿 , - , (Report, 1944, . 540).
, 㳿 , , . , - . . ³ , . 㳺 , - . . , , . , , ͳ, , , . , , . ³ , , ʳ, -, , . ³ , , " " 㳿 (Daalder 1997, . 14). , , 1936 . л, 䳿 1940 ., XX (ibid, p. 13-15).
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: , - " "(total) , (. : Macridis 1955, . 17). ³ . ³ , , (Social Science Research Council - SSRC). 㳿 , , .