10.1. : ) , - ; ) ; ) - ; ) .
( , ).
, , .
: , - .
. : 6 1 s 22 s 22 p 2,
4 : (sp 3--, ); (sp 2-, ); (sp -, ); ( , 60).
, , . і 2500 .
.
: ; R (). :
CH2CHMCHCH2 NH2 NH2
| |
O O + R R
CH2CHMCHCH2 | |
NH2 NH2
O O
OH OH
| |
CH2CHMCHCH2
| |
NH NH
| |
R R
| |
NH NH
| |
MCHCH2 CH2CHM
| |
OH OH
- , - ; - . - , , , .
10.2. - .
: Nb3B4; Cr5B3.
. .11 , : 1) Nb3B4 0,64; 2) Cr5B3 0,59.
μ i =
: Δ G ; ni, nj ; ; . j , , ni.
, . :
μ1 μ2 = 0,64 0,59 = 0,05 .
10 % (μ2), , , .
|
|
10.3. (Ge ) ( ZrO2 ) :
) , , : = 1233 ; Δ G = 149,64 /; = 0,925 ;
) Δ G , : 1233, 1240, 1250.
) .
() Pt ZrO2+CaO Pt (+)
Ge () (2)
:
, ()
( ) ( )
2 = Ge () + 2 ; ½ 2 () + 2 = 2;
: ½ 2 () = Ge ().
Δ G 1233 = zF = 2965000,925103= 178,525 /.
-
Δ G 1233 = Δ G + RT ln ,
: 0 , . %; (0,2 . 0,2026 ).
1 . % 1 . (0,1013 ), .
ln = = = 2,818;
= 0,0597; 0 = 0,05970,21/2 = 0,027 . %.
1233 0,027 . %.
) Δ G
Δ G = zFE .
. .14 E
= 1233 , = 0,775 ; = 1240, = 0,774 ;
= 1250 , = 0,773 .
= 2965000,775103 = 149,6 /.
, :
= 149,4 /; = 149,2 /.
Δ G , .. , , , .
10.4. :
)
TiO2 () + C () = TiC () + 2CO ()
1700 ;
) ; Ni2+, N2H4, , /: Ni2+ 0,1; N2H4 1,0.
. 1 Δ G
Δ G = 221 0,136 , / ( ()).
Δ G = 221 0,1361700 = 10,2 / ( ());
Δ G = RT ln K p; K p = .
ln K p = = = 0,723.
K p = 2,061.
K p , TiO2 () (). , TiC () , , 1700 .
) . .1, .15
N2H4 + 4OH = = N2 + 4H2O + 4 | |||
Ni2+ + 2 = Ni0 | = 0,25 |
|
|
4
2NiSO4 + N2H4 + 4KOH = 2Ni + N2 + 4H2O + 2K2SO4;
4
2Ni2+ + N2H4 + 4OH = 2Ni0 + N2 + 4H2O.
Δ G = zF ( + ) = RT ln K p;
ln K p = = 137,173;
K p = 3,7451059,
.. .
10.5. - , M n = 61600 /.