Δ G 0 = zFE 0 = 296500(0,77 0,34) 10-3 = 82,99 .
.
7.3. - , ?
n
2r + 3SnCl2 = 2CrCl3 + 3Sn0
. .
φ = 0,74 ; φ = 0,14 .
φ > φ, .
2Cr + 3Ba(NO3)2 = 3Ba0 + 2Cr(NO3)3
. .
φ = 0,74 ; φ = 2,9 .
φ < φ, .
, SnCl2.
7.4. , . - , (H2SO4, KOH) Fe2O3 . 3 , 1,5 , 200 .
Fe2O3 , :
) Fe2O3 + 3H2SO4 = Fe2(SO4)3 + 3H2O.
H2SO4: ;
Fe2O3: Fe2O3 3 H2SO4: ;
Fe2O3: = (55,82 + 163) = 159,6 /;
Fe2O3:
) Fe2O3 + 2KOH = 2KFeO2 + H2O.
:
Fe2O3: Fe2O3 2 :
Fe2O3:
, Fe2O3 200 H2SO4, , Fe2O3.
7.5. , , 15 . , . - 5 2, 2 /, V 0,112 /2.
2 Fe + 8HNO3 = 3Fe(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O
, , 255,6 . 2 8 .
255,6 Fe 8 HNO3
Fe 2 / V HNO3
( Fe) = ;
Fe = V tS = 0,112 /215 5 2 = 8,4 ,
( HNO3) V = .
7.1. , , , - - .
|
|
7.1
Ti | 1 | Fe | |
Pt | 2 | Ru | |
Zn | 3 | Cr | |
V | 4 | Rb | |
Ag | 5 | In | |
Ga | 6 | Cd | |
Cu | 7 | Zr | |
W | 8 | Sn | |
Al | 9 | Hg | |
Nb | 10 | Mo | |
Sr | 11 | Re | |
Ni | 12 | Au | |
Mn | 13 | La | |
Ba | 14 | Pb | |
Hf | 15 | Cd |
7.2. . - . Δ G .
7.2
Cu | H2SO4, . | 1 | Ti | HCl, p. | |
Zn | H2SO4, p. | 2 | V | H2SO4, . | |
Al | NaOH | 3 | Fe | NaOH | |
Sn | H2SO4, . | 4 | Ag | H2SO4, . | |
Mg | H2O | 5 | Sr | H2O | |
Ni | HNO3, . | 6 | Zn | H2SO4, . | |
Ga | H2SO4, p. | 7 | Fe | H2SO4, . | |
Cr | HNO3, . | 8 | Pb | H2SO4, . | |
Ga | H2SO4, . | 9 | Ag | HNO3, . | |
Al | HNO3, . | 10 | Sn | HCl, p. | |
Pb | HNO3, . | 11 | V | HNO3, . | |
Ca | H2O | 12 | Sr | H2SO4, p. | |
Cr | H2SO4, p. | 13 | Cu | HNO3, . | |
Ga | NaOH | 14 | Mg | HNO3, . | |
Ni | H2SO4, . | 15 | Ca | H2SO4, p. |
7.3. , .
7.3
- | - | ||||
Fe | SnCl2, MnSO4 | 1 | Ca | LiCl, Co(NO3)2 | |
Zn | GaCl3,Ba(NO3)2 | 2 | Cr | FeCl2, MgCl2 | |
Mg | Ca(NO3)2, MnCl2 | 3 | Sn | In(NO3)3, Cd(NO3)2 | |
In | CuSO4, CrCl3 | 4 | Ag | Sr(NO3)2, CdCl3 | |
Co | FeSO4, PbCl2 | 5 | Fe | VCl2, Mn(NO3)2 | |
Ni | SnCl2, LiCl | 6 | Sr | ZnSO4, NiSO4 | |
Cd | Co(NO3)2,Pb(NO3)2 | 7 | Al | MnCl2, LaCl3 | |
Cu | Ga(NO3)3, AgNO3 | 8 | Ti | Co(NO3)2, CrCl3 | |
Ba | FeCl2, Mg(NO3)2 | 9 | V | FeSO4, AlCl3 | |
. 7.3 | |||||
Hg | InCl3, CuSO4 | 10 | Co | Ba(NO3)2, SnCl2 | |
Pb | LaCl3, Cu(NO3)2 | 11 | Mn | InCl3, MgCl2 | |
Sn | Cr2(SO4)3, AgNO3 | 12 | Pb | Sn(NO3)2, CuSO4 | |
Mn | BaCl2, GaCl3 | 13 | In | GaCl3, Pb(NO3)2 | |
Ga | PbCl2, In(NO3)3 | 14 | Al | SrCl2, V(NO3)2 | |
La | SnSO4, SrCl2 | 15 | Cr | Al(NO3)3, CdCl2 |
7.4. , - . - , , . 3 /, 1,5 , 200 .
7.4
FeO | HNO3, NaOH | 1 | TiO2 | H2SO4, NaOH | |
Al2O3 | HCl, KOH | 2 | SnO2 | HNO3, KOH | |
MnO3 | H2SO4, NaOH | 3 | CuO | H2SO4, KOH | |
ZnO | H2SO4, NaOH | 4 | PbO | HNO3, NaOH | |
SnO | HNO3, KOH | 5 | Nb2O5 | HCl, NaOH | |
PbO2 | HCl, KOH | 6 | CrO | H2SO4, KOH | |
Cu2O | H2SO4, NaOH | 7 | Mo2O3 | H2SO4, KOH | |
Fe2O3 | HNO3, KOH | 8 | ScO | HNO3, KOH | |
MnO | HNO3, KOH | 9 | Fe2O3 | HCl, NaOH | |
NiO | H2SO4, NaOH | 10 | Nb2O5 | H2SO4, NaOH | |
V2O3 | H2SO4, KOH | 11 | MgO | HNO3, KOH | |
MoO | HNO3, KOH | 12 | Ru2O3 | HNO3, NaOH | |
Sc2O3 | H2SO4, NaOH | 13 | BaO | H2SO4, KOH | |
CaO | HCl, NaOH | 14 | Cr2O3 | H2SO4, KOH | |
CrO3 | H2SO4, KOH | 15 | Mn2O3 | HNO3, NaOH |
|
|
7.5. , , . , . 5 2, (), (t) (V ) . ( ).
7.5
, / | t, | V , /2 | ||||
Cu | HNO3 | 1 () | 0,128 | |||
Fe | HCl | 5 () | 0,280 | |||
Mg | H2SO4 | 4 () | 0,458 | |||
Zn | HCl | 0,5 () | 0,109 | |||
Ti | HNO3 | 4,5 () | 0,130 | |||
Ni | H2SO4 | 12 () | 0,590 | |||
Co | HNO3 | 5,5 () | 0,074 | |||
Cu | H2SO4 | 15 () | 0,320 | |||
Zn | H2SO4 | 1,5 () | 0,392 | |||
Sn | HNO3 | 1 () | 0,148 | |||
Ni | HNO3 | 4,5 () | 0,113 | |||
Fe | H2SO4 | 1,3 () | 0,112 | |||
Al | HCl | 1 () | 0,068 | |||
Cd | HNO3 | 3,5 () | 0,262 | |||
Ti | HNO3 | 20 () | 0,407 | |||
1 | Pb | HNO3 | 3,5 () | 0,310 | ||
2 | Co | H2SO4 | 17 () | 3,5 | 0,304 | |
3 | Mg | HCl | 1,3 () | 0,432 | ||
4 | Al | H2SO4 | 1,5 () | 0,108 | ||
5 | Cr | HNO3 | 8 () | 0,390 | ||
6 | Mn | H2SO4 | 10 () | 0,336 | ||
7 | Co | HCl | 6 () | 0,094 | ||
8 | In | H2SO4 | 0,5 () | 0,382 | ||
9 | Sn | HNO3 | 5 () | 0,298 | ||
10 | Fe | HNO3 | 0,7 () | 0,400 | ||
11 | Al | HNO3 | 6 () | 0,420 | ||
12 | Cd | H2SO4 | 10 () | 0,300 | ||
13 | Pb | HNO3 | 0,5 () | 0,550 | ||
14 | Mg | H2SO4 | 7 () | 0,642 | ||
15 | Zn | HNO3 | 8 () | 0,228 |
7.6. , . , 15 , 61 % Sn 39 % Pb .., , H2SnO3, .
7.7. HNO3. , . , 0,5 / HNO3 Hg(Zn) 10 , 25 .%. N2.
7.8. () . , Fe, Cr CO 1 .
7.9. , , , , (IV) :
K2[HfF6] + 4 Na = Hf + 2 KF + 4 NaF.
, 1 .
7.10. . , 20 Nb.
|
|
7.11. Na2C2 . , 11,2 22.
7.12. MnO2. , 1 MnO2 .
7.13. (, 2, 22 .) [VO4]3-. , 5 .
7.14. , , NH4ReO4 . , 1,5 .
7.15. ( ) 2[HfCl6]. (II), 15 Hf.
7.16.
2Na[Au(CN)2] + Zn = Na2[Zn(CN)4] + 2Au.
, 2 0,3 / (I) .
7.17. , . , Na2RuO4 20 Ru .
7.18. ( ) ( ). , (..) (II) 10 Pt .
7.19. , WF6 PtF6.
7.20. 12 % -961 , , , 600 . 1 , : 0,15; Mn 11; Ni 12; W 20; V 0,20; Mo 0,50; Fe.
7.21. :
2CuFeS2 + 5O2 + 2SiO2 = 2Cu + 2FeSiO3 + 4SO2.
1 , 28 %?
7.22. , , - , . , 100 ?
7.23. f - . 2, 40 .
7.24. 2+ , , Cr3+.
Cr(OH)Cl2, CrCl2 5 , .
|
|
7.25. , , Fe(HCO3)2, Fe(OH)3. , , , , Fe(OH)3. , .
7.26. SO2 40 Ir2S3 (III)?
7.27. . , , 45 .
7.28. (-Δ /)
MnO Mn2O3 MnO2 Mn2O7
- Δ 389,53 973,6 524,67 690,4.
7.29. (IV). , , 150 Zr. ..
7.30. , 200 (NH4)2[IrCl6]?
7.31. 2 2 MnO Mn3C. , , 80 MnO.
7.32. 45 Bi2Se3, . 25 SeO2. , .
7.33. 700 . , 3 120 .
7.34. (III) . , 20 Si3.
7.35. - , , : 600 ( ) , . , 120 27, 2 2S7, 1:2:3.