: , .
8.2. , , , ( 8.3). : = + .
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:
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2. : ( + ) + = + ( + ) ( 8.5).
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3. + = .
4. + (− ) = .
8.3. (: − ) , , . . = − , + = ( 8.6).
, = − = + (− ).
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8.4. ≠ 0 α ≠ 0 ( = α), :
) ;
) ;
) α > 0 α < 0.
.
1) .
2) .
3) .
4) , = α α.
ℓ ( 8.7). 1 ℓ, 1 ℓ.
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.
1. ℓ = × cos( ^ ℓ) ( 8.8);
2. ℓ ( + ) = ℓ + ℓ ( 8.9);
3. ℓ () = ℓ + + ℓ ;
4. ℓ () = ( ℓ ) ( 8.10);
5. ℓ () = ( ℓ + + ( ℓ ) .
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Oxyz . = , = y , Z = z . X, Y, Z . = (, , Z).
8.1. ( 1; 1; z 1) ( 2; 2; z 2) , :
= 2 1, = 2 1, Z = z 2 z 1.
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. = . ( 8.11), = │ │= = 2 1, . . 1 1, 2.
( 8.12), = −│ │= − = −( 1 2) = 2 1.
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, ( 1; 1; z 1) ( 2; 2; z2) = 2 1.
.
= ( 1; 1; z 1), = ( 2; 2; z 2),, = (n; n; zn) , . , :
1) = ( );
2) + + + = ( 1++ n; y 1++ n; z 1++ zn);
3) − = ( 1 2; 1 2; z 1 z 2);
4) +... + = ( );
5) = Þ 1 = 2, 1 = 2, z 1 = z 2.