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, [] . , , , , ; , , . , , , , .

- [] , , , . , sub specie distributionis[cxxv]. , , , :

... . (/. St. Mill. Principles of Political Economy. Vol. I. London, 1848, . 239, 240).

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[10) , , , , , . .]

, , , (W. . Prescott. History of the Conquest of Peru. 4th edition. Vol. I, London, 1850, . 92).

, , ( ) ; , , , ( , . 127).

{, ( ),

[] . , , , , . , , (De Orbe Novo[cxxvi]), , , (W. H. Pres-cott. History of the Conquest of Mexico. 5th edition. Vol. I, London, 1850, . 123).

1823 . , 80 , , 18- (. Merivale. Lectures on Colonization and Colonies. Vol. I, London, 1841, . 52). () ( ) ... 1619 . . . ( , I, . 9192).

1593 . II : 1548 , , , , - , 軻 (Sempéré. Considérations sur les causes de la grandeur et de la décadence de la monarchie Espagnole. Tome premier. Paris, 1826, . 275276).

, , ; (H. Merivale. Lectures on Colonization and Colonies. Vol. II, London, 1842, . 314).}

[VII45] : aes grave[cxxvii], (emere per aes et libram[cxxviii]). [cxxix]. 485 . ; = 10 . ( 40 ; 510 . 75 ; = 10 , 10 4 .) 513 . 2 ; 10 , 1/84 . , 1/84, , 537 . 16 1 , 665 . 16 1/2 ... 485 . = 1 63 ; 510 . = 87 ; 513 707 . = 78 . = 1 (Dureau de La Malle. Economie politique des Romains. Tome I. Paris, 1840, . 15, 16, 448, 450).

1 1 400: 1. 2- = 112: 1 ( , I, . 76, 8182).

, , VI V . X. , . , , , ( , . 64, 65).

, , , ( , . 253, 254).

[] 2 ; 3 . 0,93 ; 20- , , 1,70 ( , . 277). () 1 8 , , . ? ; ... , . , ... , puls, ... , ; , , , , . 580 . ( , . 277279). ( , . 280).

, XIV , . 4, 3, 2 1/3 ... ; ( , . 280281).

. ( , II, . 256).

, , , . ... ... VII (697 . ) 40 ... 1780 . ( ) 35 , 70 ... , . ... 1/10 , 1/5 , 1/2 1/10 ... , ó ( II, . 402405).

, , 266 684 . , IV 120 000 . 382 695, 502 695, 30 000 30 000 ; 562 000... , V , . ( I, . 370, 403, 405406).

, : , ( II, . 214).

( .)

, , , , , XVIII . : , ; , ( , II, . 399400).

. (303 ) 1% ( 10% )... ... ( 398 ) (unciarium foenus[cxxx]). 403 1/2%. 413 , ... , , , , ( II, . 259 261). , . [ ] 12% . 6% ... 4%. Usura quincunx[cxxxi] 5%... 146 . X. 12% ( II, . 261263).

[VII46] :

, , , , , , (John Dalrymple. An Essay towards a general history of Feudal Property in Great Britain. 4th edition. London, 1759, . 124).

, . , , , . ()... 8 = 1 ; 1 , , = 2 , 3 . , - ( ) (Hüllmann. Städtewesen des Mittelalters. I. Theil. Bonn, 1826, . 402404).

, , . , , ... 1 ... 12 = 1 ( , . 405, 406). 4 = 1 ... XIII : ( II : ), (, 1252 .),.. (, 1285 .) ( , . 408 411). , XIV ; ( , . 413).

, , ... , , , . (, )[cxxxii] [71] , . : ... (, , )... IX . , , pfundig[cxxxiii], pfünding... , : , [pfündige Denaren], Pfündinge... , XII , , [Stern], : , , ... =- ... XIV 320 , 20 ... - -, ... , 12 ... = 12 (), .

, , Hälblinge... , . . . . ... , Gros deniers, Grossi, Groschen, Groten, XIII . ( , . 415433).

, , , , , ... , , . , . XII . . . - . , , , , . , , , , . . (. , II, . 3645).

, , , . . , , . , , , , . , . ., , , , . , , , , , . . , . , , , , . .. , , , , , . . , . , . , . ., . , [72], , , [73], , , . , .

, [] 1425 {Hüllmann. Städtewesen des Mittelalters. II. Theil. Bonn, 1827, . 55). . . . . , ó , [VII47] . , . , 100%. 1344 . 2162/3%. 431/3%... 40%, XIIXIV 20%... 121/2% ... II 10%, ; . 10% XIII ( , . 5557).

(S. P. Newman. Elements of Political Economy. Andover and New York, 1835, . 296). , , ( ). , [] ( , . 297).

, , (John Gray. The Social System. A Treatise on the Principle of Exchange. Edinburgh, 1831, . 16) [ , . 86]. , , : ( , . 18) [ , . 87]. , , ( , . 21) [ , . 88].

, , . , , . , , , , . , , . . , , , ... , , , . , , , , , . , , , , , : , , . ., , , ... , , , , , . , . : , , , , , , , ? , , (Ch. Coquelin. Du Crédit et des Banques dans l'Industrie. Revue des Deux Mondes[74], 31, 1842 .,. . 799-800).

, . !.. , ... ... ... ... , . , , , ; , ... , , , , , . . , . . ( , . 801, 802, 80S).

, (Th. Corbet. An Inquiry into the Causes and Modes of the Wealth of Individuals. London, 1841, . 81).

, . , (S. P. Newman. Elements of Political Economy. Andover and New York, 1835, . 80).

, , , . , ( , . 81). , , ( ).

( , . 82). .

. , - , . , , , -, -, . ; : ) , , b) , ) , d) ( , . 99101).

[11) . ]

, , , - , , , (. )[75] . .





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