, D 0298, DG 0298, DS 0298 ( , , )
, /× | D 0298, / | DG 0298, / | DS 0298, /(.) | ||||||
b .103 | .10-5 | .106 | d .109 | ||||||
1 () | 4,94 | 2,96 | 6,769 | ||||||
() - | 4,10 | 1,02 | -2,10 | 1,3609 | |||||
12 () | 6,8214 | 5,709 | -5,107 | 1,547 | 53,286 | ||||
F-a () | 3,37 | 7,10 | -0,43 | 6,49 | |||||
2 () | 6,952 | -0,457 | 0,9563 | -0,2079 | 31,211 | ||||
N2 () | 6,903 | -0,375 | 1,930 | -0,6861 | 45,767 | ||||
O2 () | 8,643 | 0,202 | -1,030 | 49,003 | |||||
S () . | 3,58 | 6,24 | 7,62 | ||||||
12O3-a () | 27,43 | 3,06 | -8,47 | -399,09 | -376,77 | 12,186 | |||
() | 6,726 | 0,400 | 1,283 | -0,5307 | -26,416 | -32,808 | 47,301 | ||
2 () | 10,55 | 2,16 | -2,04 | -94,052 | -94,260 | 51,061 | |||
3- | 24,98 | 5,24 | -6,20 | -288,45 | -269,78 | 22,2 | |||
() | 11,67 | 1,08 | 1,56 | -151,9 | -144,4 | 9,5 | |||
SO4 () | 18,52 | 21,97 | -1,568 | -342,42 | -315,56 | 25,5 | |||
F2O3 () | 233,6 | 17,24 | -3,08 | -196,5 | -177,1 | 21,5 | |||
1 () | 6,34 | 1,10 | 0,26 | -22,063 | -22,769 | 44,17 | |||
2O () | 7,700 | 0,4594 | 2,521 | -0,8587 | -57,798 | -54,636 | 45,106 | ||
N3 () | -41,404 | -19,10 | 37,19 | ||||||
2SO4 () | -191,4 -104,175 -11,04 21,60 8,091 | (-164,2) | 37,49 | ||||||
1 () | 9,89 | 5,20 | 0,77 | -97,592 | 19,76 | ||||
NH3 () | 6,5846 | 6,1251 | 2,3663 | -1,5981 | -3,976 | 46,01 | |||
NO () | 6,461 | 2,358 | -0,7705 | 0,08729 | 20,719 | 50,339 | |||
NO2 () | 5,48 | 13,65 | -8,41 | 1,88 | 12,390 | 57,47 |
N1 () | 10,98 | 3,90 | -98,232 | -91,785 | 17,30 | |||
N () | 19,2 | -102,0 | -91,0 | 15,34 | ||||
N23 () | -271,02 | -251,11 | 32,5 | |||||
SO2 () | 6,157 | 13,84 | -9,103 | 2,057 | -70,96 | -71,79 | 59,40 | |
SO3 () | 13,70 | 6,42 | -3,12 | -94,45 | -88,52 | 61,24 | ||
SiO2 - a- | 11,22 | 8,20 | -2,70 | -205,4 | -192,4 | 10,00 | ||
4 () | 4,750 | 12,00 | 3,03 | -2,63 | -17,889 | -12,140 | 44,50 | |
22 () | 5,21 | 22,00 | -15,59 | 4,349 | 54,190 | 50,000 | 48,00 | |
24 () | 0,944 | 37,35 | -19,93 | 4,220 | 12,498 | 16,295 | 52,45 | |
26 () | 1,648 | 41,24 | -15,30 | 1,740 | -20,236 | -7,860 | 54,85 | |
38 () | -0,966 | 72,79 | -37,55 | 7,580 | -24,82 | -5,61 | 64,51 | |
-410 () | -1,890 | 99,36 | -54,95 | 11,92 | -31,450 | -4,300 | 70,42 | |
66 () | -8,650 | 115,78 | -75,40 | 18,54 | 19,82 | 30,850 | 64,457 | |
810 () | -8,398 | 159,35 | -100,03 | 23,95 | -2,98 | 28,62 | 60,95 | |
3 () | 4,55 | 21,86 | -2,91 | -1,92 | -48,08 | -38,69 | 56,8 | |
25 () | 4,75 | 50,06 | -24,79 | 4,790 | -56,24 | -40,3 | 67,4 | |
3 () | 4,19 | 31,64 | -5,15 | -3,800 | -39,76 | -31,96 | 63,5 | |
(3)2 () | 1,625 | 66,61 | -37,37 | 8,37 | -51,79 | -36,5 | 72,7 | |
3 () | 5,20 | 46,16 | -18,35 | -104,3 | -91,2 | 70,1 | ||
l3 () | 7,61 | 34,61 | -26,68 | 7,344 | -24 | -16 | 70,62 | |
65Cl () | 27,80 | 27,8 | 47,2 | |||||
65N2 () | 5,3 | 34,95 | 53,6 | |||||
65 () | -37,26 | -9,74 | 34,0 | |||||
3Cl3 () | 4,49 | 63,46 | -22,53 | -31,20 | 70,5 |
2.
|
|
(/×) 0 - t, 0
t, 0 | 2 | N2 | 2 | NO | 2O | O2 | N2O | SO2 | SO3 | 4 | 24 | 22 | ||
6,92 | 6,97 | 7,05 | 6,97 | 7,14 | 8,03 | 9,17 | 9,79 | 9,74 | 6,96 | 12,39 | 8,73 | 11,45 | 11,12 | |
6,95 | 7,00 | 7,15 | 7,00 | 7,17 | 8,12 | 9,65 | 10,12 | 10,15 | 7,01 | 12,92 | 9,48 | 12,64 | 11,79 | |
6,97 | 7,04 | 7,26 | 7,06 | 7,22 | 8,22 | 10,06 | 10,45 | 10,52 | 7,06 | 13,38 | 10,20 | 13,73 | 12,36 | |
6,98 | 7,09 | 7,38 | 7,12 | 7,30 | 8,34 | 10,40 | 10,74 | 10,84 | 7,13 | 13,79 | 10,88 | 14,76 | 12,81 | |
6,99 | 7,15 | 7,49 | 7,19 | 7,38 | 8,47 | 10,75 | 11,02 | 11,11 | 7,20 | 14,14 | 11,53 | 15,69 | 13,21 | |
7,01 | 7,21 | 7,59 | 7,27 | 7,46 | 8,60 | 11,03 | 11,24 | 11,35 | 7,27 | 14,44 | 12,15 | 16,52 | 13,58 | |
7,03 | 7,27 | 7,68 | 7,34 | 7,54 | 8,74 | 11,28 | 11,50 | 11,55 | 7,34 | 14,69 | 12,74 | 17,26 | 13,90 | |
7,06 | 7,35 | 7,77 | 7,43 | 7,62 | 8,89 | 11,50 | 11,71 | 11,72 | 7,42 | 14,91 | 13,28 | 18,07 | 14,22 | |
7,09 | 7,42 | 7,85 | 7,50 | 7,70 | 9,04 | 11,70 | 11,90 | 11,88 | 7,49 | 15,11 | 13,79 | 18,62 | 14,49 | |
7,12 | 7,49 | 7,92 | 7,57 | 7,76 | 9,18 | 11,88 | 12,07 | 12,01 | 7,56 | 15,28 | 14,27 | 19,24 | 14,75 | |
7,15 | 7,56 | 7,98 | 7,64 | 7,83 | 9,32 | 12,05 | 12,21 | 12,13 | 7,62 | |||||
7,20 | 7,62 | 8,04 | 7,70 | 7,89 | 9,45 | 12,19 | 12,35 | 12,23 | 7,68 | |||||
7,24 | 7,67 | 8,11 | 7,76 | 7,94 | 9,58 | 12,32 | 12,48 | 12,33 | 7,73 | |||||
7,28 | 7,73 | 8,16 | 7,81 | 7,99 | 9,72 | 12,45 | 12,60 | 12,41 | 7,78 | |||||
7,32 | 7,78 | 8,20 | 7,85 | 8,03 | 9,84 | 12,56 | 12,69 | 12,48 | 7,84 | |||||
7,36 | 7,82 | 8,24 | 7,90 | 8,08 | 9,96 | 12,66 | 12,78 | 12,55 | 7,88 | |||||
7,40 | 7,86 | 8,28 | 7,94 | 8,12 | 10,09 | 12,75 | 12,88 | 12,61 | 7,92 | |||||
7,45 | 7,91 | 8,33 | 7,98 | 8,15 | 10,20 | 12,84 | 12,95 | 12,67 | 7,96 | |||||
7,49 | 7,94 | 8,38 | 8,02 | 8,19 | 10,30 | 12,92 | 13,01 | 12,71 | 7,99 | |||||
7,53 | 7,98 | 8,42 | 8,05 | 8,22 | 10,41 | 12,99 | 13,09 | 12,77 | 8,03 | |||||
7,57 | 8,01 | 8,45 | 8,09 | 8,26 | 10,52 | 13,06 | 13,17 | 12,81 | 8,06 | |||||
7,62 | 8,05 | 8,48 | 8,12 | 8,29 | 10,61 | 13,13 | 13,21 | 12,85 | 8,08 | |||||
7,66 | 8,08 | 8,52 | 8,15 | 8,31 | 10,71 | 13,19 | 13,28 | 12,89 | 8,12 | |||||
7,70 | 8,10 | 8,56 | 8,18 | 8,34 | 10,79 | 13,24 | 13,33 | 12,93 | 8,14 | |||||
7,74 | 8,14 | 8,59 | 8,21 | 8,36 | 10,87 | 13,30 | 13,38 | 12,96 | 8,18 | |||||
7,78 | 8,17 | 8,63 | 8,24 | 8,38 | 10,96 | 13,34 | 13,42 | 12,99 | 8,20 | |||||
7,81 | 8,19 | 8,65 | 8,26 | 8,40 | 11,03 | 13,39 | 13,46 | 13,02 | 8,23 | |||||
7,85 | 8,22 | 8,68 | 8,28 | 8,42 | 11,11 | 13,43 | 13,51 | 13,04 | 8,25 | |||||
7,89 | 8,24 | 8,72 | 8,30 | 8,44 | 11,18 | 13,48 | 13,55 | 13,07 | 8,27 | |||||
7,92 | 8,26 | 8,76 | 8,32 | 8,45 | 11,23 | 13,52 | 13,59 | 13,10 | 8,29 |
3.
|
|
t,0 | t=T-T0, T0=273,15 K, T - | ||
- = 1 | , | 98066,5 | |
.. | 9,806 | ||
.. | 133,322 | ||
, , , | 4,186 4,186×103 | ||
, | / | 4,1868×103 / | |
- | /(×) | 4,1868×103 / | |
/ | 4,1868×103 /(×) | ||
/(×2) /(×2) | 1,163 /2 4,1868×104 /2 | ||
- - | /(×2×) /(× 2×) | 1,163 /2 4,1868×104 /2× | |
- - | /(××) /(× ×) | 1,163 /× 4,1868×102 /× | |
- - | /(×) /( ×) | 4,1868×103 /(×) 4,1868×103 /(×) |
1
1. . . .
2. - (). ? , .
3. , . . ' ?
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5. 㳿 , . .
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2
1. , (, , ), R jR R ( R) : 2A+3B ÛR+2D-Q.
2. , ( ?) R 4A + 3B Û 2R + S + Q, S = 45 .
3. , HNO3 :
3NO2 + H2O(p) Û 2HNO3(p) + NO + Q. '?
4. , ( ?) 2SO2 + O2 Û 2SO3 + Q; SO3 + H2O Û H2SO4 + Q.
5. . , . ? 㳿 ?
6. , -, , :
CO + 2H2 Û CH3OH + Q; CO + H2 Û CH2O + Q; CO+ 3H2 Û CH4 + H2O + Q;
2CO + 2H2 Û CH4 + CO2 + Q. i (jCH3OH)?
7. , -,
CH4 + H2O()Û CO + 3H2 Q; CO + H2O()Û CO2 + H2 + Q.
8. . . ( ) .
9. , . - 㳿 .
|
|
10. ( ) . ( ).
11. , nA + mB Û pR + qS - Q (n+m<p+q). .
12. :
CH4 + H2O()Û CO + 3H2 Q; CO + H2O()Û CO2 + H2 + Q; N2+3H2Û2NH3+Q. , , ?
13. , ( ?) A + 2B Û 3R + 4S-Q, .
14. , HCl :
2NaCl() + H2SO4() Û Na2SO4() + 2HCl ()- Q; H2 + Cl2 Û 2HCl + Q.
15. . , .= f () . .
16. , , A+B Û R + 3S-Q .
17. , ( ?)
A + B Û R + 3S-Q; A+B Û R + S + Q.
18. , (R) : nA + mB Û pR + Q, m + n > p; - 97%, - 34% ( ); .
3
1. . , .
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9. . -.
10. , . I- - A(r) + B () Þ R(r).
11. . : ? ? ?
12. . ? -.
13. . AÛ R + Q
14. . . .
15. ³ = f (t) (, ) (, )
AÞR, AÛR; AÞR ÞS; AìR
îS. ?
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16. ³ r = f (T, X) X = f (T, t) . , ?
17. " " " ". ?
18. - . 㳿.
19. . A + B Û 2S + Q; , .
4
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8. , 1 2 n1 n2.
9. , , 1/2.
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18. () 䳿 .
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5
1. , ? - 䳿 ? ?
2. - NO NO2 NO2. - , ? ' ?
3. - . , . NH3 .
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13. , SO2 SO3? . ? .
14. , , , 75% 92,5%, 100%. ? .
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16. , 䳿 ? ?
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6
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1
(CB) (H2O) B d?
B | KOH | NaCl | KNO3 | (NH4)2SO4 | Na2HPO4 | |||||||||||
M,/ | 56,11 | 58,44 | 101,11 | 132,16 | 141,96 | |||||||||||
, | 30 | 25 | 38 | 42 | 53 | 62 | 75 | 87 | 97 | 100 | 12 | 13 | 15 | 8 | 9 | |
20% | 1N | 0,5M | 34% | 2N | 3M | 6% | 3N | 1M | 1% | 2N | 9M | 22% | 1N | 2M | ||
d ,/3 | 1,176 | 1,192 | 1,175 | 1,336 | 1,442 | 1,554 | 1,052 | 1,155 | 1,056 | 1,0117 | 1,334 | 1,667 | 1,190 | 1,334 | 1,443 | |
B | K2CO3 | KCl | CuCl2 | Na3PO4 | NaOH | |||||||||||
M,/ | 138,21 | 74,56 | 134,45 | 163,94 | ||||||||||||
, | 20 | 25 | 38 | 42 | 53 | 62 | 75 | 87 | 97 | 100 | 11 | 9 | 7 | 6 | 3 | |
20% | 1N | 0,5M | 34% | 2N | 3M | 6% | 3N | 1M | 1% | 7N | 9M | 22% | 1M | 2N | ||
d,/3 | 1,176 | 1,334 | 1,282 | 1,336 | 1,668 | 1,887 | 1,015 | 1,999 | 1,335 | 1,012 | 1,889 | 1,882 | 1,196 | 1,223 | 1,329 | |
2
F F dF V G CG dG.
F | NaOH | H2SO4 | NH4OH | NaCl | HCl | |||||||||||
MF, / | 98,08 | 35,05 | 58,44 | 36,5 | ||||||||||||
F | 20% | 1N | 0,5M | 35% | 2N | 3M | 5% | 3N | 1M | 3% | 2N | 4M | 45% | 1N | 2M | |
dF, /3 | 1,043 | 1,021 | 1,066 | 1,219 | 0,982 | 0,992 | 1,155 | 1,226 | 1,018 | 1,038 | ||||||
G | HNO3 | KOH | H2SO4 | H2SO4 | NH4OH | |||||||||||
MG,, / | 63,01 | 56,11 | 98,08 | 98,08 | 35,05 | |||||||||||
VG, | ||||||||||||||||
CG,% | ||||||||||||||||
dG, /3 | 1,031 | 1,054 | 1,09 | 1,336 | 1,134 | 1,156 | 1,03 | 1,287 | 1,263 | 1,05 | 1,054 | 1,155 | 0,910 | 0,898 | 0,958 | |
F | NaOH | H2SO4 | NH4OH | NaCl | HCl | |||||||||||
MF, / | 98,08 | 35,05 | 58,44 | 36,5 | ||||||||||||
F | 20% | 1N | 0,5M | 35% | 2N | 3M | 5% | 3N | 1M | 9% | 5N | 4M | 32% | 1N | 2M | |
dF /3 | 1,043 | 1,021 | 1,066 | 1,219 | 0,982 | 0,992 | 1,155 | 1,226 | 1,018 | 1,038 | ||||||
G | CaCl2 | K2CO3 | HNO3 | H3PO4 | NaOH | |||||||||||
MG, / | 110,99 | 138,21 | 63,01 | |||||||||||||
VG, | ||||||||||||||||
CG,% | ||||||||||||||||
dG /3 | 1,121 | 1,129 | 1,131 | 1,336 | 1,332 | 1,245 | 1,031 | 1,089 | 1,153 | 1,051 | 1,11 | 1,121 | 1,263 | 1,219 | 1,430 | |
3
V , t0 P, . .
V, | 20 | 25 | 38 | 42 | 53 | 62 | 75 | 87 | 97 | 50 | 12 | 13 | 15 | 16 | 18 |
t0 | 20 | 30 | 10 | 50 | 80 | 60 | 40 | 70 | 100 | 80 | 40 | 10 | 70 | 30 | 70 |
P, | 105,3 | 112,5 | 103,2 | 132,3 | 106,6 | 204,5 | 115,2 | 146,3 | 200,1 | 120,5 | 200,5 | 103,5 | 110,6 | 102,8 | 110,6 |
V, | 86 | 28 | 39 | 43 | 59 | 64 | 99 | 77 | 40 | 10 | 12 | 13 | 15 | 18 | 22 |
t0 | 20 | 30 | 45 | 50 | 55 | 60 | 65 | 70 | 73 | 80 | 40 | 58 | 70 | 50 | 60 |
P,am | 104,7 | 202,8 | 109,9 | 105,9 | 105,3 | 112,5 | 103,2 | 132,3 | 106,6 | 105,3 | 112,5 | 103,2 | 132,3 | 106,6 | 204,5 |
4
, ( ) XA* Kp Y NA,0 =NA,0; NB,0 = NB,0; NR,0 = NS,0 = 0
- | |||||
Y | AÛR+S | A+BÛ2R | 2AÛR | AÛ2R+S | AÛR+S |
- | |||||
Y | A+BÛR+S | A+BÛR | 2A+BÛR | A+2BÛ2R | AÛR+2S |
- | |||||
Y | A+BÛ2R | 2A+BÛ2R | AÛ2R | 2AÛ2R+S | A+2BÛR |
- | |||||
Y | 2AÛR+2S | A+2BÛR | 2AÛR | AÛR+3S | AÛ3R |
- | |||||
Y | A+BÛR+3S | A+3BÛ2R | 2A+BÛ2R | 2A+BÛ2R | AÛR+2S |
- | |||||
Y | 3A+BÛ2R | A+BÛ3R | 3A+2BÛR | 2AÛR+3S | A+2BÛ3R |
5
Y A; A WA.
- | |||||
Y | 2NO+O2Û2NO2+Q | N2+3H2Û2NH3+Q | 2SO2+O2Û2SO3+Q | CO+2H2Û CH3O H+Q | 2CO+O2Û2CO2+Q |
XA | 0,99 | 0,45 | 0,90 | 0,65 | 0,95 |
WA | 50000 / | 3000 / | 120000 3/ | 20000 / | 30000 3/ |
- | |||||
Y | O+H2OÛ CO2+H2+Q | CH4+H2OÛ 3H2+CO-Q | 2H2S+3O2Û 2SO2+2H2O+Q | C |