- , , .
.
, , , , . .
- Na+, K+, NH4+. . , , . .
Ag+, Hg22+, Pb2+. ( HCl)=2,0/3. ϳ 䳺 .
(AgCl)=1,761010; (Hg2Cl2)=1,31018; (PbCl2)=1,6105.
Hg2Cl2, PbCl2. , . PbCl2, , , Pb2+ . PbCl2 Ag+, Hg22+.
.
Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+ Pb2+. ( H2SO4)=2,0/3. ϳ 䳺 :
(BaSO4)=1,11010; (SrSO4)=3,2107; (CaSO4)=2,5105;
(PbSO4)=1,6108,
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Ca2+ 䳺 , .
³ Pb2+ , PbSO4 , PbCl2, Pb2+ , .
.
Al3+, Cr3+, Zn2+, Sn2+, As3+, , SnIV, AsV. Sb3+.
NaOH KOH ()=4,0 /3. ϳ 䳺 , :
Al3+ +3OH → Al(OH)3; Al(OH)3 + 3OH → [Al(OH)6]3;
Cr3+ +3OH → Cr(OH)3; Cr(OH)3 + 3OH → [Cr(OH)6]3;
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Zn2+ +2OH → Zn(OH)2; Zn(OH)2 + 2OH → [Zn(OH)4]2;
Sn2+ +2OH → Sn(OH)2; Sn(OH)2 + 2OH → [Sn(OH)4]2.
AlO2, CrO2, ZnO22, SnO32, AsO33, (SbO33).
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Mg2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Bi3+, Sb3+, SbV.
NH3 25%.
䳿 , :
(Mg(OH)2)=7,11012; (Mn(OH)2)=1,91013; (Bi(OH)3)=4,31031;
(Fe(OH)2)=7,21016; (Fe(OH)3)=6,31038; (H3SbO3)≈41042.
ϒ .
u2+, o2+, d2+, Ni2+, Hg2+.
NH3 25%.
: [Cu(NH3)4]2+, [Co(NH3)6]2+, [Ni(NH3)6]2+, [Cd(NH3)4]2+, [Hg(NH3)4]2+. , :
[Cu(NH3)4]2+ ; [Co(NH3)6]2+ ;
[Ni(NH3)6]2+, . [Cd(NH3)4]2+ [Hg(NH3)4]2+ .
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. , Ba2+ Ag+.
SO42, SO32, CO32, PO43, SiO32, C2O42, CrO42, S2O32 , Ba2+ :
(BaSO4)=1,11010; (BaSO3)=8,0107; (BaCO3)= 4,01010;
(Ba3(PO4)2)=6,01039; (BaC2O4)=1,1107; (BaCrO4)= 1,21010;
(BaS2O3)= 6,410-5.
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Cl−, Br−, I−, S2 , Ag+ :
(AgCl)=1,781010; (AgBr)=5,31013; (AgI)= 8,31017;
(Ag2S)=6,31050
, - , .
, Ba2+, Ag+.
NO3−, NO2−, CH3COO− .
.