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:




:

































 

 

 

 


.




 

.

, , .

, .

() , , .

+ A È (: ). + , , .

() , , .

, ,

Ç (: ). , , .

, .

, , N:

= M A/ N. (1.3.1)

, . , W. : (W) = 1.

, . Æ. : (Æ) = 0.

:

1. : 0 £ £ 1.

2. :

( + ) = () + (). (1.3.2)

1- : .

, .

: , , :

( ) = () (). (1.3.3)

:

( + ) = () + () ( ). (1.3.4)

.

1. , 2 . , 7. , 8. ?

. ( ) , . W . W1 = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) W2 = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6). W 36 , .

( ) 6 (1,6; 6,1; 2,5; 5,2; 3,4; 4,3), ( ) 5 (1,6; 6,2; 5,3; 3,5; 4,4). 36. (1.3.1), : P() = 6/36, () = 5/36. , .

2. 5 10 , 3 17 . , .

. , . (1.3.1) : () = 5/15 = 1/3; () = 3/20.

. (1.3.3) : ( ) = () () = (1/3) (3/20) = 1/20.

: 1/20.

3. 5 10 , 3 17 . , .

. (), () ( ), (1.3.4), : ( + ) = 1/3 + 3/20 1/20 = 22/60.

: 22/60.

 

X

1 + 2 + + n = 1. (1.3.5)

 

X:

(X) = . (1.3.6)

( , ).

X:

D(X) = (1.3.7)

( ).

X .

X:

f X(x) = f (x) = d P/ dx.

X:

F X(x) = F (x) = P (X £ ),

P(x 1 < X < x 2) = F (x 2) F (x 1). (1.3.5)

:

f (x) = F (x)' = dF (x)/ dx,

 

F (x) = .

:

= l.

X:

() = .

X:

 

D(X) = .

:

D(X) = {[ ()]2}

D(X) = ( 2) [()]2.

:

s () = Ö(X).

( ):

f (x) = ,

, s .

:

F (x) = (t), (1.3.6)

 

t = ( )/ s, (t) .

[ , b ]:

f (x) = 0 [ , b ],

f (x) = 1/(b ) £ £ b.

:

f (x) = l ( lx), ³ 0.

:

n = n 0 exp ( mgh / kT),

n , h , m , k , g .

 

4. ( = 0) . , :

 

) s < X < + s; ) 2 s < X < + 2 s; ) 3 s < X < +3 s.

s.

(1.3.5) (1.3.6) :

( s < X < + s) = F (s) F ( s) = [(s )/ s ] [( s )/ s ],

[(s 0)/ s ] = (1) = 0,8413 ( ),

[( s 0)/ s ] = ( 1) = 1 (1) = 1 0,8413 = 0,1587,

= (1) (1) = 0,8413 0,1587 = 0,6826.

.

10 000 27 ( 3 s, + 3 s). , X , .

 

5. X 3 4. , 1 < X < 7.

. = 3, s = Ö4 = 2 ( ):

(1< X < 7) = [{(7 3)/2} {(1 3)/2}] = [(2) (1)] =

= (0,9772 0,1587) = 0,8185.

 





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