, HF, , , . , :
1) ;
2) 400-5000 CF4 C;
3) 50 - +700;
4) , ;
5) (.. );
6) ;
7) , .. .
. C-F , , . , .
8
()
, (-).
1. (, ).
2. ( ), (2 ).
3. (, , ).
nH2n+1OH
| - , | ||
| 3 | , , | |
| 25 | , , | |
| 37 | 32-2 | , , 1- |
| 1 2 3-- 3 | , , 2- | |
| 49 | 3-2-2-2 | , , 1- |
| 4 3 2 3-2-- 13 | , , 2- | |
| 3--2- 3 | , , 2--1- | |
| 3 3-- 3 | , , |
(IUPAC) , ,
6 5 4 3 2 1
3--2-2--3 5--2-
3
, .
1.
-
2. , , , , :
37
3-*-25
3--3-
1. (. ).
|
|
|
2. ( ):
) :
3-MgBr + CH2=O 
CH3-CH2-O-MgBr 
CH3-CH2OH + MgBr (OH)
) :
O
CH3-CH2-MgBr+CH3-C CH3-CH-CH2-CH3
H
CH3-CH-CH2-CH3+MgBr (OH)
) :
CH3 CH3
CH3-C-CH3 + H3C-MgBr CH3-C-CH3 CH3-C-CH3 + MgBr (OH)
O OMgBr OH
3. , :
O H
CH3-C + H2 
CH3-C-OH
H H
CH3-C-CH3 + H2 CH3-CH-CH3
O OH
4. (. )
H
H-C-O-H 1s22s22p2x2py2pz
H
900, 110028/. , - - .
, , ( ).
1-10 , 11 .
, , . , .
- 
+
:O 
H..:O H..:O H
CH3 CH3 CH3
3-8- .
, . - .
: > >
- : > >
. , .
1-3 ;
C4-C5 ;
.
<1.
-. 3600 -1 ( -) 3200 -1 ( -).
. . 3 .
I. -.
1)
) (Mg, Ca, Al)
C2H5OH + Na C2H5ONa + H
.
C2H5Ona + HOH C2H5OH + NaOH
) - .
C2H5OH + CH3MgBr C2H5OmgBr + CH4
. .
2) .
) .
H2SO4
-
+ O HCl O
CH3-C + HO18C2H5 H2O16 + CH3-C
|
|
|
O16H O18-C2H5
-
, - . , .. .
) .
O O
CH3-C H CH3-C
+O: +:OC2H5 OH
CH3-C OC2H5
O CH3-C
- O
, .. ( ).
)
-
+O O
H3-C + HOC2H5 HCl + CH3-C-OC2H5
Cl:
3)
- ( ).
)
C2H5OH + ClCH3 HCl + C2H5OCH3
)
C2H5OH + CH3O-SO2OH C2H5OCH3 + H2SO4
C2H5OH + CH3OSO2OCH3 C2H5OCH3 + HOSO2OCH3
)
C2H5OH + HOC2H5 
C2H5OC2H5 + H2O
2400C
)
CH2 CH3
CH3OH + C-CH3 
CH3-O-C-CH3
CH3 p,600C CH3
II. .
1) Hal.
) HHal;
) PHl Pal5;
) SOCl2 SO2Cl2 (. ).
2) ( )
CH3-CH-CH-CH3 
H2O + CH3-CH=C-CH3
OH CH3 1800C CH3
3--2- 2--2-
2- ( ).
III.
-. - , .
H
H-C O H
H
1)
) ;
H O
CH3-C-H + O H2O + CH3-C + H2O
OH H
)
H OH
CH3-C-H + O + O 
H2O + CH3-C
OH O
2)
H
CH3-C-CH + O 
H2O + CH3-C=O
CH3 CH3
3) , .. , . ( ), . ( ), .. .
OH OH OH O HO
CH3-CH2-C-CH3 + O CH3-CH-C-CH3 
CH3-C-C-CH3
O O
CH3-C-OH + C-CH3
CH3
4) .
: .
H H
CH3-C-H 
H2 + CH3-C
OH 100-1800C O
.
H H
CH3-C-H + Cl2 2HCl + CH-C
OH O
, , , .
. , . , ,
C=C
OH
, .. p- 
-, 2.
-.. +
CH2=CH-O-H CH3-C
, :
) (. ).
|
|
|
O
H-C + CH 
CH CH2-C CH
H OH
)
H2OH HO-C=O CH2-O-C=O CH2
CHOH + 
CH2-O-C=O 
CH
CH2OH HO-C=O CH2OH CH2OH
. , .
. , ,
H2=CH2
OCOCH3
CH2=CH
OCH3
, , :
nCH2=CH (-CH2-CH-)n 
(-CH2-CH-)n
OCOCH3 OCOCH3 -nCH3COOH OH
.
H2=CH-CH2OH
H2=CH-CH3 + Cl2 
CH2=CH-CH2Cl + NaOH CH2=CH-CH2OH
+ NaCl
.
H C-CH2OH
, , (, , ), .
| () | () | () | ||
| H2OH CH2OH | CH2OH CHOH CH2OH | CH2OH CHOH CHOH CH2OH | CH2OH (CHOH)3 CH2OH | CH2OH (CHOH)4 CH2OH |
