Requirements: need to, have to, must, be + essential, critical
| Note how we describe requirements for particular jobs: You need to be able to empathise with the person at the other end of the phone. IT managers have to take responsibility for budgets. You must be interested in your subject. You must have worked for at least two years in systems analysis. Experience with mainframes is essential/critical. We can describe things which are not requirements like this: 6. You don't need to have a degree in computing science. | We can also treat need as a modal verb and use the negative form needn't: 7. You needn't have a degree in computing science. Have to is an ordinary verb. Its negative form is made in the usual way: 8. You don't have to be an expert in everything. Mustn't has a quite different meaning. It means it is important not to do something. It is used for warnings, rules and strong advice. For example: 9. You mustn't make unauthorised copies of software. |
Exercise 1. Open the brackets. Mind the tenses.
Though you (not can) know everything you (must, to be) an expert in your own field.
A consultant often (to have to) work on very small timescales- a few days here, a few days there.
He (to need, to be) better if he wants to apply for this job.
Any large organization (must) have at least one IT manager.
You (not must) set up any password system on this computer.
You (must, to spend) lots of time writing this program- its very complicated.
You (not to need) have any previous work experience.
(To be) very important to install firewalls and keep out hackers.
A system analyst (to have to) study systems in an organization and decide how to computerize hem.
Production of special programs which control the internal operations of computers (to be) very necessary and essential nowadays.
Exercise 2. Use the appropriate modal verbs
A webmaster administer a Web server.
An applications programmer is a person who write applications programs.
You be extremely qualified if you create such programs.
A security specialist a useful qualification for your career.
You attempt to gain unauthorized access to network systems.
If you show someone an impressive piece of software with your name on it, it will count a lot more than a string of academic qualifications.
Though university degrees rather essential still they are sometimes useless.
You stay in one company for more than two years.
You expect much if you dont practice a lot.
You be bright, communicative and to be able to earn the trust of your team.
Exercise 3. Put the words into the right order.
qualifications renewed certain must Technical be at intervals.
going you train up are If to should training yourself you undertake some.
If you to company go work you need want this some to and take courses with a training will company for.
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devote Students time to much towards have their studies.
results can the of Experience exams the not to also influence of amount but have work you do the only.
you In of to the get questions within answering allotted order exam the need pass requisite to used to number the time.
possible should much as You find out also as information.
not Students skip exams otherwise fail must might lectures they the afterwards.
hard knowledge Working the very term for acquiring throughout is essential profound.
for It future paying is training a you your serious good if course get about worth career.
Exercise 4. Choose the right variant.
Test 11
1.I found my lost pen while I... for my pencil sharpener.
a) look c) was looking
b) looked d) am looking
2. When my friend studied abroad, his parents... him every week.
a) phone c) had phoned
b) was phoning d) phoned
3. When I got home I realized that I... my wallet.
a) lose c) had lost
b) lost d) has lost
4. When you... to the Chinese restaurant next time, what will you eat?
a) go c) goes
b) will go d) would go
5. The man... by the police yesterday, but he denies robbing the bank.
a) arrest c)is arrested
b) was arrested d) had been arrested
6. It's raining, but if you take your umbrella, you... wet.
a) don't get c) won't get
b) didn't get d) doesn't get
7. Last year Helen was staying with her brother while her house....
a) repaired c) was repaired
b) was being repaired d) had been repaired
8. Cars are fast and convenient. On the other hand they... problems in cities.
a) cause c) has caused
b) caused d) will cause
9. When I... up yesterday, I was told this good news.
a) wake c) woken
b) woke d) has woken
10. We... come to your party, but it depends on our finding a babysitter.
a) may c) has to
b) couldn't d) mustn't
11. Our teacher is a reliable person, we... trust everything to her.
a) shouldn't c) is able
b) can d) must
12. I'll feel... when my exams are over.
a) happy c) more happily
b) happily d) happiest
13. I felt... because I had fever.
a) badly c) worse
b) bad d) the worst
14. Have you ever seen a film at... Embassy cinema?
a) - c) an b)a d)the
15. I don't like to have... animals in my flat.
a)the c) an
b) d) some
16. Excuse me, could you move. I can't see....
a) something c) nothing
b) anything d) none
17.... is at home and no one knows where they are.
a) Anybody c) Everybody
b) Somebody d) Nobody
18. I'd like to thank everybody who has helped me... this experiment.
a) in c) at
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b) on d) with
19. He wanted to borrow my bike... the weekend but I couldn't lend it to him.
a) to c) for
b)in d)on
20. My cat catches a lot of....
a) mouse c) the mice
b) mice d) a mouse
Exercise 5. Choose the right variant.
1. If children learn...foreign language in... school they will be able to spend pleasant holidays abroad communicating with the local people, (a, the, -)
2. Travelling abroad (become) now much (easy) and (cheap) than ever before.
3. Learning foreign languages... be confusing for a child, as children... find it difficult to learn new words and to keep the foreign language separate from their own. (may, could, should, can)
4. We must stop the hunting of wild animals and (a, the, -) destruction of forests before it is too (late, lately).
5. I hope that one day everyone (be) part of the world movement to save the Earth.
6. Sports (change) a lot over the years, but they still provide entertainment (for, to, at) many people.
7. I'll never forget the impression New York made on me the first time I (see) it. Of course I knew much about the famous city from the cinema and the book I (read).
8. I understand that it is (easy) said than done, but you must try to include regular exercises in your daily routines as (a, the, -) form of protection against heart attacks.
9. (Shall, will, should) we go and watch the carnival procession, where the local people usually (dress) in their traditional clothes?
10. I believed he (involved) in that scandal, though he has never told me (anything, something, everything) about it since then.
11. I (wait) for the number 6 when I noticed an old man started to cross the road in front of the bus.
12. There was a terrible noise, but luckily, no one (injure). Two cars seriously (damage).
13. A pan of oil which (leave) unattended on the cooker yesterday could start a fire. For this reason, you (can, should, may) never leave one unattended while you (cook).
14. Speeding (cause) car accidents, that's why people should not drive too fast and they should always (wear) seat-belts.
15. Last week two tourists were miraculously saved from almost certain death by friendly dolphin while they (swim) in the sea near (a, the, -) Australian city of Darwin.
16. Chocolate contains mild stimulants which (help) us concentrate and make us feel well.
17. Nowadays, with all the problems in the world, we should enjoy ourselves (some, any, many) way we can, but always within reason.
18. Fish (be) a big part of my diet as it is very healthy and high in protein. Now I eat (many) apples, grapes and pears than before and (little) red meet, cheese and butter.
19. (At, in) the beginning of the century men's clothes (be) similar to the formal suits worn today, but casual clothing such as jeans or sweat-shirts (not, know) then.
20. The only thing I haven't got is a balcony. If I (have) a balcony, I (grow) plants in pots.
WRITING
Tell about your future job. What skills should you have? What personal qualities should you have? What professional abilities are required for your future job? What perspectives do you expect?
Jobs in ICT (new jobs, new trends, new profiles)
