New developments in computing are often designed to make something easier. These verbs are often used to describe such developments:
allow let
enable permit
help
Study these examples:
1. A GUI lets you point to icons and click a mouse button to execute a task.
2 A GUI allows you to use a computer without knowing any operating system commands.
3. The X Window System enables Unix- based computers to have a graphical look and feel.
4. Voice recognition software helps disabled users (to) access computers.
Allow, enable and permit are used with this structure:
verb + object + to-infinitive
Let is used with this structure:
verb + object + infinitive
Help can be used with either structure.
Exercise 1. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Find the structure Verb + object + infinitive or Verb + object + to-infinitive.
1. Using Recycle Bin feature the user orders the computer to restore the files to their original location.
2. The Windows user interface permits the user to open more than one window at a time.
3. A graphical user interface allows the user to use a mouseto interact with the computer.
4. Double-clickingthemouse causes the program, file or folder represented by the icon to open in a rectangular box on the screen called a window.
5. The company declared the new processor to have been developed in time.
6. A special area called the system traywhere icons are displayed lets you see what resident programs are continuously running in the background.
Exercise 2. Put the verb given in the brackets in the right form: to + infinitive or infinitive without to.
1. A user interfaceallows a user (interact) with a computer.
2. My Computer feature lets you (see) the resources on your computer.
3. Shift key enables you (type) in upper case.
4. The scientists predict molecular computers (become) wide spread in the nearest future.
5. The court made Microsoft company (separate) Windows and Internet Explorer.
6. We noticed him (press) the RESET button.
7. I hear the computer (play) the music.
Exercise 3. Change the following complex sentences according to the example by using complex object. Translate them into Ukrainian.
Example: Franklin was the first who developed a new theory of electricity. Franklin was the first to develop a new theory of electricity.
1. Clicking on a command is the action which allows you to open a list of choices known as a menu.
2. StickyKeys is the feature that helps disabled people to operate two keys
simultaneously.
3. I watched how they were repairing the computer.
4. MouseKeys is the utility that enables you to use the numeric keypad to move the mouse pointer.
5. A touchscreen is the device that allows the user to select icons and commands by touching the display screen with their finger instead of using a mouse.
If X, then Y
In this section, we will revise structures commonly used in programming. You have met these structures in earlier units but in different contexts.
Study this decision table. It shows the rules that apply when certain conditions occur and what actions to take. Using it, we can make rules like this:
1. If a guest stays 3 nights in January and if one night is Sunday, then charge 2 nights at full price and 1 night at half-price.
2. If a guest stays 3 nights and one night is not Sunday and it is not January, then charge 3 nights at full price.
CONDITIONS
DECISION
RULES
1
2
guest stays 3 nights
Y
Y
1 night is Sunday
Y
N
month is January
Y
N
Actions
charge 3 nights at full price
N
Y
charge 2 nights at full price
Y
N
charge 1 night at half-price
Y
N
Exercise 4. Link these statements with while or until, whichever is most appropriate.
Look through member records. There are no more records.
Display guests addresses. There are no more addresses remaining.
List all items. There are no more items left.
Print some more client names. There are still names available.
Calculate all figures. There are no more figures.
Search for information containing the term. There is still information containing the term.
Total all items. There are still some items remaining.
Read these records. There are records left.
Rewrite these records. There are no more records.
Study this list of items. There are some items left.
Exercise 5. Put the words into the right order.
my you ask help for If just it need.
selects appear the the menu offering several Triangle choices icon a If user might.
If to to next you step the get you object will have want to select an.
If application want to the of a execute triangle might a set different create instructions you.
eligible the package employees qualify benefit If are for package a specific welders automatically for.
available a simple benefit welder is If later where a different relocated package is revision is.
the right the mouse on Right triangle clip a might clicks voice explain If the properties use of right triangles.
right If the of on is triangles clicked mouse explains Equilateral triangle the voice properties equilateral.
you If with should might deal applications you use OOP multimedia probably.
a condition then process this If certain is true instruction.
Exercise 6. Create statements about the decision table as shown.
Example: If a guest books a hotel room in summer and stays for a week, then charge at 100$.
Conditions
Decision Rules
Guest stays a week
Guest stays a decade
Guest stays a fortnight
Guest stays a month
Summer
100$
140$
200$
400$
Spring
80$
120$
160$
320$
Autumn
70$
110$
140$
280$
Winter
50$
90$
100$
200$
Exercise 7. Choose the right variant.
1. (The, a, -) tea, which (grow) in India and China, (be) the national drink (of, off, at) Britain.
2. Mrs Green (wait) for the doctor for half an hour. When he (examine) the boy, he said, "(The, a, -) child must stay in (a, the, -) bed (as, just, until) he (get) (good)".
3. Hijackers (still, hold) twenty passengers in a plane at (a, the, -) Manchester Airport.
4. The hostages (sit) in the plane without (a, the, -) food or water for two days already.
5. As you (can, must, may) see from the letter, I (change) my address and live in the suburbs now.
6. Living in the country is (expensive) than in (a, the, -) big city nowadays.
7. I decided to change from la, the, -) central London to the suburbs because it (become) so expensive to live there.
8. Members of (the, a, -) British Parliament (pay) salaries since 1911.
9. (The, a, ) hereditary principle still operates in Great Britain and the Crown (pass) on to the sovereign's (older, elder, eldest) son.
10. If (many, a few, few, any) news comes in while I (be) away, let me know.
11. Henri Nestle, who was Swiss, (develop) the process of making (a, the, ) milk chocolate.
12. This week the police (arrest) a couple in (the, , a) Switzerland, where they (try) to sell chocolate secrets.
13. I think that people (be, only) (interested, interesting) in news which (happen) near them or which (affect) them (economical/economically).
14. The word chocolate, which (come) from (the, a, -) Aztec language, is (a, the, ) only Aztec word in (the, a, -) English.
15. (The, -, an) Incas (discover) popcorn. They (live) in (-, the, a) South America in (a, the, -) fifteenth century.
16. People who live in (the, a, -) Netherlands (call) (the, a, -) Dutch.
17. The policeman asked me if the car (park, parking, parked) near the office (belong) to me.
18. I'm staying there until he (return) from his holidays. Then I (go) (on, in, at) holiday to Scotland.
19. Remember that even if you (have) the right qualification, you (may, could, should) have to fill in lots of application forms before you (ask) to attend an interview.
20. You are working slowly. - If I (have) a calculator, I (can) work this out a lot quicker.
WRITING
Projects. Perform the project given
Form a group of two to five students as the project team for a systems development project. Elect one person as the team leader, who will assign tasks to each group member. Your teams mission is to complete the planning phase for a systems development project and produce a Project Development Plan. The first task is to identify and briefly describe an information system at school, work, or local business that needs improvement. The second task is to make a list of problems and opportunities that exist in that system. The third task is to make a list of tasks your team would perform, design, construct, and implement a new information system. Finally, incorporate all your findings into a document that would serve as the Project Development Plan. Submit this plan to your instructor, who might provide additional directions for your group work and report format.
Create 10 rules for an expert system that pertains to your career field. To complete the assignment, think of a set of simple decisions that someone on the job might be required to perform. For example, a loan officer might be required to make a quick evaluation of a borrower, an auto mechanic might be required to figure out what various tapping noises mean, or a fitness instructor might be required to recommend the best type of fitness class for clients. Make a list of 10 rules that would help make the decision. The rules should be in the format IFTHENSubmit your rules to your instructor.
UNIT 23
VIRTUAL REALITY
Vocabulary Bank Unit 23
Task 1. Read, write the translation and learn the basic vocabulary terms:
along with
ambitious
appropriate
astray
black holes
bookmark
boundary
challenged by birth
chronological order
computer combat
computer-enhanced
cyberspace
down-to-earth application
entertainment
exact
fibre-optic
gear
goggle (n)
handicapped
helmet
horizontal strip
IRC (Information Reception Service)
ISDN (Integrated Services Data Network) terminal adaptor
leading edge
liquid-crystal
mind trip
minds content
oblivion
paraplegic
perceptive depth
popup
prepared skull
public television documentaries
regardless
roller coaster ride
sensory environment
simulation
substitute (n)
surgical procedures
swoop
telepresence
timeline
to affect
to backtrack
to be featured
to guide
to mix up
to seek out
to slip
to straddle
to strap on
to surf
traversing
TV sitcom
wearer
wide-angle lenses
Text 21 A. VIRTUAL REALITY
One of the most exciting new areas of computer research is virtual reality. Having been featured in TV sitcoms as well as public television documentaries, virtual reality is merely an ambitious new style of computer interface. Virtual reality creates the illusion of being in an artificial world one created by computers.
Virtual reality visitors strap on a set of eyephones, 3-D goggles that are really individual computer screens for the eyes. Slipping on the rest of the gear allows you not only to see and hear, but also to sense your voyage. The world of virtual reality has been called cyberspace, a computer-enhanced fantasy world in which you move around and manipulate objects to your minds content.
When you move your head, magnetic sensors instruct the computer to refocus your eye phones to your new viewpoint. Sounds surround you, and a fiber-optic glove allows you to manipulate what you see. You may seek out strange new worlds, fight monsters in computer combat, or strap yourself into the seat of a Star Wars-type jet and scream through cyberspace, blasting all comers to oblivion (computer oblivion, at least). Or, with your stomach appropriately settled, you might even try out the most incredible roller coaster ride you will ever take in your life.
For the disabled, virtual reality promises a new form of freedom. Consider the wheelchair bound paraplegic child who is suddenly able to use virtual reality gear to take part in games like baseball or basketball. Research funded by the government takes a military point of view, investigating the possibility of sending robots into the real conflict while human beings don cyberspace gear to guide them from back in the lab.
Task 2. Are the statements true or false?
Virtual reality is a computer-built fantasy world.
Virtual reality is also called cyberspace.
There are no limits to virtual reality.
Virtual reality is created by being in a special room.
Virtual reality is available only on expensive computer systems.
Virtual reality is the leading edge of the computer technology.
Eyephones are the 3DFX fiber-optic glasses.
Eyephones are not the only virtual reality gear.
Virtual reality might be misused.
Virtual reality can return the disabled to the full-fledged life.
Virtual reality was designed by the military to guide robots.
One can not only see or hear virtual reality, but also feel and smell it.
Virtual reality is only a type of computer interface.
Task 3. Read the words as they are used in the following sentences and try to come up with your own definition:
Using computers to create graphics and sounds, virtual reality makes the viewer believe he or she is in another world.
Three-dimensional images are created using technology that fools the viewers mind into perceptive depth.
Plug a terminal directly into the brain via a prepared skull and you can enter cyberspace.
Ive got a set of eyephones, 3D goggles, a fiber optic glove and the rest of the gear.
There are many word substitutes for invalids, e.g. the handicapped, challenged by birth or by accidents, disabled people.
The bowman took a deep breath, aimed at the target and shot, but the arrow went astray.
Virtual reality _____________
Three-dimensional (3D) ______________
Cyberspace _____________
Gear ______________
Disabled _____________
To go astray ______________
Task 4. Put the proper words into sentences:
fibre-optic, swoop, go astray, clutching, gear, to ones mind content, enhance, cyberspace, eye phones.
Virtual reality is sometimes called...
3-D... are really individual computer screens for the eyes.
Virtual reality can... possibilities of the disabled.
The manual... box allows you to slow down without braking, while the automatic one doesnt.
Cyberspace allows everybody to change it...
The letters wrongly addressed...
... unknown things may cause an accident.
By the end of the 20th century metal wires had been replaced by... ones.
In one of the s the... the NATO has lost their most expensive fighter.
be, have, see, do, leave, write, tell.
It was more than a hundred years ago that Lewis Carroll... about Alices trip through the looking glass.
Now that fiction... became a reality... or you might say, a virtual reality... because thats the name of a new computer technology that many believe will revolutionize the way we live.
Trainees fighting in virtual battles often cannot... a man from a machine.
Virtual reality lets you travel to places youve never do things youve never without... the room.
Someday, you will... that virtual reality makes other forms of entertainment, such as TV and movies, obsolete.
Task 5. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian.
Virtual reality straddles the foggy boundary between fantasy and fact.
Imagine a place and youll be able to step into it. Conjure up a dream and youll be able to fly through it.
Hes launched one of the first computers to mass-produce virtual reality systems.
Virtual reality techniques have been used to make a 3D model of the planet Mars. There are, of course, more down-to-earth applications. Virtual reality models of urban landscapes are allowing urban planners to redesign Main Street without leaving the room.
Were now reaching a point where the simulations are so realistic that the line between playing a game or a simulation and actually blowing people up is becoming blurred.
Virtual reality has been featured in TV sitcoms as well as public television documentaries.
Slipping on the rest of the gear allows you to sense your voyage.
For the disabled, virtual reality promises a new form of freedom.
Eyephones are not the only virtual reality gear.
You can not only see or hear in virtual reality, but also feel and smell
Virtual reality lets you travel to places you have never visited.
In the future, people will be able to have easy access to virtual reality systems.
If virtual reality technology were more affordable at present time, many more people would be able to try it.
Virtual reality makes other forms of entertainment such as TV and movies obsolete.
Task 6. Match the sentence beginnings (1-6) with the correct endings (a-f):
1. Use of computer modelling and simulation enables a person
2. A computer-generated environment simulates reality by means of
3. The illusion of being in the created environment (telepresence) is accomplished by motion sensors that
4. The basis of the technology emerged in the 1960s in simulators that taught
5. It came in the 1980s and is now used in
6. It has potential for use in many fields
a) pick up the user's movements and adjust his or her view accordingly, usually in real time.
b) interactive devices that send and receive information and are worn as goggles, headsets, gloves, or body suits.
c) including entertainment, medicine and biotechnology, engineering, design, and marketing.
d) how to fly planes, drive tanks, shoot artillery, and generally perform in combat.
e) games, exhibits, and aerospace simulators.
f) to interact with an artificial three-dimensional visual or other sensory environment.
Task 7. Fill in the gaps using the list of words in the box. Translate.
liquid-crystal sensors screen illusion devise linksimulate cockpit simulation image stereoscopicelectronic glove control create helmet launched video games
A virtual reality system consists of a with a color display in front of each eye, and wide-angle lenses to cover the entire field of view and give a effect. The helmet contains , rather like electronic compasses, to record where it is pointing. A computer calculates what the wearer should see in that direction and displays it on the . In more advanced systems, the operator wears an that detects exactly what the fingers are doing and transmits the information to the computer. If the user tries to pick up something, the computer will make the object follow the hand to give the of carrying it.
Pads in the latest type of gloves press into the insides of the fingers and palm when an object is encountered, to the illusion of feeling it. Complete exoskeletons covering the user and allowing the computer almost anything possible in real life are still in the laboratory.
The biggest initial market is likely to be for a new generation of . W Industries have recently a virtual reality system for video arcades. The system, called Virtuality, consists of a in which a player sits, wearing the helmet, at a set of controls that can mimic a bobsleigh, a spaceship, or whatever the imagination of the games programmer can . The helmet has a pair of displays with wide-angle lenses giving a stereoscopic , and a set of magnetic sensors to tell the computer what the helmet is looking at as it moves. The first game is a fighter . Another is based on a sequence (ei) in the film, Return of the Jedi, in which flying motor-cycles race through a forest. The computer can and several helmets at once for a group game.
Task 8. Translate the following sentences into English.
1. ³ - , , '.
2. .
3. ³ , .
4. .
5. ³ .
6. ', ' .
7. .
8. , .
Task 9. Fill in the chart with the some more appropriate info:
Who uses Virtual Reality?
User
Use
Implementation
Benefit
NASA
recreating different critical situations (e.g. situation fire or not to fire)
flight simulations;
battle simulation
risk-free,
inexpensive,
military training
Architects
Medicine
turning a CAT scan into 3D model of the patients body;
telepresence workstations for surgical procedures
microcameras attached to endoscopic devices relayed images that could be shared among a group of surgeons looking at one or more monitors, often in diverse locations
Education
the Room of Educational Wall
Libraries
telepresence
Museums
creating a 3-D image of an exhibit
Task 10. Render the following into English. Find additional information on modern trends in virtual reality and make short presentations in front of the class.
- ' , - .
. , , ( '). , '.
- , , . ֳ , , . , . , , .
, , , , , .
. . - , , , , , .
- . , . , - , .
. - , . ³ , . , .
糿 . . , . .
Task 11. Discussion. Tell the class your own ideas on the topics.
What developments in computer technology have changed the way people live and work?
How have some home entertainments such as television and video games affected peoples life?
How will further advances in computer technology continue to change the world?
It has been said that technology is a double-edged sword. What does that statement mean?
What is virtual reality?
Who can use virtual reality?
How can virtual reality benefit society?
How can virtual reality harm society?
Which uses of virtual reality appeal to you most?
Is it possible to create a perfect virtual reality?
Computers take you on mind trips. Where would you like to go on a mind trip?
The perspectives of the virtual reality development.
Task 12. Discussion. Answer the following questions.
How do you launch your web browser?
How do you change the size of the text on a web page?
How can you tell if your browser is working?
If you have a problem with your browser, what would you do?
Task 13. Read the following text to give an explanation to the following terms:
Web browser;
Menu bar;
Toolbar;
Browsers window
Text 23B. WEB BROWSER
The Web browser is your access point to the information and resources that make up the World Wide Web (WWW). When you click on a hyperlink or type a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) in the location field or address box the browser requests information from a Web server. When the information is delivered it is the browsers job to display the information or start another program to deal with it.
The commands you use to work with the Web browser are available through the menu bar, the toolbars, the keyboard, and the menus that pop up when you use the right or secondary mouse button. These ways of accessing commands or features stay the same, regardless of what youre viewing or working with on the World Wide Web. The menu bar is a collection of pulldown menus that you can use for almost every operation or command. The toolbar has a number of items, often displayed as text and icons, which give quick access to some of the commands in the menu bar. Several commands are also available as keyboard shortcuts, meaning that you can type them directly on the keyboard instead of using a mouse.
Once a page is in the browsers window, you can move around the page using the keyboard, the scroll bars, or the mouse. You can search for words in the page. To go to another page, move the mouse to a hyperlink (the pointer turns into a hand) and click on it. You can also type a URL in the address bar or address box and then press e to access it.
The browser keeps track of the sites youve visited during recent sessions. It does this so that you can backtrack and return to sites during a session. The history list holds links to all the sites that you have visited recently. You can collect a set of hyperlinks in the bookmark or favorites list. These will be available from one session to the next. The browser contains commands to let you maintain and manage your bookmark or favorites list.
Common sense tells us not to give out personal information, home phone numbers, or home addresses to people we dont know. Were likely not to do that in our daily lives when we dont know the person who is asking for the information, and it is just as important to apply the same rules when were using the Internet or the World Wide Web. The Internet and the World Wide Web give us lots of opportunities for learning, recreation, and communication. We dont need to be rude or unfriendly, but we do need to be careful, safe, and secure.
Security and privacy on the World Wide Web are important topics for a variety of reasons, including an individuals desire for privacy, the increased use of the Internet for commercial transactions, and the need to maintain the integrity of information. If you access the Internet by logging into a computer system, you need to take care to choose a password that will be difficult to guess. Furthermore, you should notice and report any unusual circumstances or modifications.
Task 14. Find the words in the text above which have the following meanings and write them in the spaces provided:
A collection of direct links to predefined web pages which is stored in your web browser. _____________
A horizontal strip that contains lists of available menus for a certain program. _____________
A text field near the top of a Web browser window that displays the URL of the current webpage. _____________
A menu of commands or options that appears when you select an item with a mouse. _____________
A word, phrase, or image that you can click on to jump to a new document or a new section within the current document. _____________
A computer program that is responsible for accepting HTTP requests from clients and serving them HTTP responses along with optional data contents. _____________
A set of icons or buttons that are part of a software program's interface or an open window. _____________
A software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web. _____________
Task 15. Decide whether the following statements are true or false:
1. A browser is an application program that provides a way to look at and
interact with all the information on the World Wide Web.
2. The web browser also interprets HTML tags as links to other websites, or to
other web resources.
3. Home pages usually display graphics, sound, and multimedia files, as well as
links to other pages, files that can be downloaded.
4. Web browser displays information on your computer by interpreting the URL.
5. The browser main functionality is to present the web resource you choose, by
requesting it from the browser window and displaying it on the server.
6. Web is a collection of audios and other resources, linked by hyperlinks and
URLs, transmitted by search engines and web servers.
Task 16. Choose the correct word from the list below to complete the following sentences:
Local area network World Wide Web browser surfInternet Explorer (URLs) short wide area network.
A _____________ is a piece of software that allows users to _____________ the internet. The browser that is used in most schools is called _____________ _____________. The _____________ _____________ _____________ is the part of the Internet that is the main information store. Websites can never be mixed up because they all have different web addresses _____________. The Internet is an example of a _____________ _____________ _____________. The opposite of a wide area network is a _____________ _____________ _____________: this is where computers are linked together over _____________ distances.
Task 17. Match the terms on the right with the corresponding definitions on the left.
Term
Definition
1.
world wide web
a)
An application that plays music and videos
2.
website
b)
A way of talking (typing) to other people in real time
4.
home page
c)
A set of interconnected webpages, including a homepage, located on the same server and maintained as a collection of information by a person, group, or organization.
5.
instant messaging
d)
A way of sending electronic messages to people
6.
email
e)
You can type this in to get to an exact page on the Web
7.
(URL)
f)
The computer language that many web pages are written in
8.
HTML
g)
The application software that lets you look at web pages.
9.
browser
h)
The full name of the web.
10.
Flash
i)
An annoying window that appears suddenly when you are viewing a page. Sometimes browsers let you block these.
11.
Windows Media Player
j)
A way of viewing cartoons, and playing games on the web.
12.
hyperlink
k)
The main page on a Web site. It will point to all other pages on the site and will be the page people come to first.
13.
popup
l)
Click on me to get to another page on the Web.
Task 18. Complete the following dialogue.
Google web browser web page change openuse Internet Explorer TV channel icon web browser
- Whats a ___________? - Well, thats___________.
- Whats that? - The ___________ you click on says, Internet Explorer, and thats how you get on the Internet. - I do that? - Yes. - So when I go to ___________, thats a web browser? - Yes. - So Google is a ___________? - No. You ___________ a web browser to go to Google. - WaitI dont get it. - Google is a ___________ and you use a web browser to ___________ it. But you can also open other
web pages. - Okay, think of it like this. A web browser is like a ___________ and Google is like a ___________. So
yes, you can go to Google, but you can also ___________ the channel to something else. - Got it.
Task 19. Use the most appropriate answer to complete the sentences below.
1. Web Browser is _____ used to access the Internet services and resources available through the World Wide Web.
a) Software b) Program c) Operating system d) None of these
2. It is a client program that initiates requests to a_____
a) Network server b) World Wide Web c) Web server d) None of these
3. Web browsers often provide a _____ that lets users click icons, buttons, and menu options to view and navigate Web pages.
a) Graphical interface b) Interface c) Way d) None of these
4. Browser information and statistics is important for _________
a) Network operators b) Website designers c) Website developers d) None of these
5. To connect to the Internet when you are not connected to a network, you can use a regular telephone line and _____.
a) A modem b) Email software c) An ISDN terminal adaptor d) IRC software
6. The toolbar in which you can type a web address is the _____ Bar.
a) Status b) Format c) Address d) Navigation e) Links
7. An image with a web address attached to it is a _____.
a) Map b) Link c) Document d) Results
8. A benefit of using frames on a web page is that _____.
a) The navigation links can be in view all the time b) the pages will take less space on the server
c) The pages will load faster d) they are faster to write
9. To search the largest collection of Web pages for information on black holes you would probably first use a _____.
a) Encyclopedia b) Search engine c) Web directory d) Portal
10. To open a link in a new browser window you would _____.
a) Right-click on the link and choose Open in a new window
b) Click the link while holding down the CTRL key
c) Double-click the link while holding down the CTRL key
d) Choose from the menu Window
Task 20. Translate the following sentences into English.
