Exercise 1. Translate the following sentences paying attention to Absolute Participle Clause
| My colleague being away, I had to take the decision myself. Īńź³ėüźč ģ³é ņīāąščų ļī šīįīņ³ įóā ā³äńóņķ³é, ģåķ³ äīāåėīń’ ńąģīģó ļščéķ’ņč š³ųåķķ’. We continued our work, with our laboratory assistants helping us. Ģč ļšīäīāęóāąėč ńāīž šīįīņó, ą ķąų³ ėąįīšąķņč äīļīģąćąėč ķąģ. |
1. My boss being away, I didnt go to work. 2. The disk removed, the computer can be switched off. 3. The new browser having been studied in detail, the committee decided to introduce it at the exhibition. 4. My colleague being away, I had to take the decision myself. 5. There being many people in the conference hall, we couldnt enter. 6. We continued our work, with our laboratory assistants helping us. 7. The new wireless network is very expensive, we hardly buy it. 8. The technology designed, we made a great progress in the field of IT. 9. The research being carried out, the virus cant destroy our equipment. 10. Other protecting systems being cumbersome, we use the old one. 11. The new software having been installed, I felt a sort of satisfaction. 12. With the new virus being created, we need the patches for Windows. 13. With a sound generated every time you destroy one of the enemies, the game becomes more interesting. 14. The computer crashed, I lost all my afternoons work. 15. The information stored, you can access it any time you need it.
Exercise 2. Choose the right form of Participle and translate the sentences.
1. The net was supposed to be about community, about people with common interests finding/found each other in the limitless tracts of cyberspace and connecting/connected like never before.
2. The nodes will link to the net via broadband links and share that access via antenna siting/ sited on the roofs of several buildings.
3. The company administering/ administered the.info domain could face legal challenges from those denying/ denied a chance to apply for some generic.info domains.
4. A group of researchers at Bell labs have made tiny functioning/functioned transistors a million times smaller than a grain of sand.
5. Each molecular transistor is 10 times smaller than any components creating/ created with todays most advancing/ advanced chip making/ made techniques.
6. In the media you can often find articles telling/ told of hackers breaking/ broken into computer systems and websites stealing/ stolen and destroying/ destroyed information.
7. Hacker is a computer user breaking/ broken a systems security and stealing/ stolen valuable information.
8. Hackers will often write open-source code allowing/ allowed others to see what they have done.
9. The hacking contest was not run fairly and proved nothing about the integrity of the proposing/ proposed technologies.
10. Chemically producing/ produced components are microscopical, faster and more efficient then todays silicon products made using/ used lithography.
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11. Technologies such as the Internet, PCs and wireless telephony have turned the globe into an increasingly interconnecting/ interconnected network of individuals, organizations and governments communicating/ communicated and interacting/ interacted with each other with through a variety of channels.
12. Using/ used effectively, information and communication technologies can help to create training/ trained, educating/ educated and healthy workforce.
13. Netscape Gecko control how WebPages appears on the screen and supports accepting/ accepted web standards such as HTML, XML, Cascading Style Sheets and JavaScript.
14. The method using/ used depends on the length to be measured.
15. An intelligent network consists of distributing/ distributed signaling network of switches, databases and dedicating/ dedicated computer servers.
Exercise 3. Choose the right variant.
1. Five days______week I go to work by train.
a) of c) in
b) the d) a
2. While I was skiing I______and broke my wrist.
a) fell c) fall
b) was falling d) have fallen
3. I______what you are talking about.
a) am not understanding c) didn't understand
b) not understand d) don't understand
4. He has______time left.
a) many c) few
b) much d) a few
5. He______on his report since morning. He______the first two sentences.
a) has been working, has written
b) has worked, wrote
c) had worked, had written
d) was working, wrote
6. I don't care who comes to the party. You can bring______ you like.
a) whoever c) whenever
b) whatever d) however
7. You need to score______55 % to pass the exam.
a) at c) the latest
b) at least d) the least
8. That's______restaurant I've ever been to.
a) worst c) the worst
b) bad d)worse
9. When I was younger I_______watch a lot of TV.
a) use c) used
b) am used d) used to
10. The road is icy, so drive_______.
a) care c) careful
b) carefully d) carelessly
11. You can't blame me_______what happened.
a) of c) for
b) on d) in
12. It's no_______trying to persuade her.
a) point c) use
b) advantage d) benefit
13. As we approached we_______smell something burning.
a) can c) may
b) were able d) could
14. It's time we_______a holiday. We deserve a break.
a) had c) to have
b) have d) are having
15. I don't think you can_______on him doing this task.
a) rely c) hope
b) expect d) dependent
16.I am going to finish this composition even if I_______up all night.
a) had to stay c) have to stay
b) '11 have to stay d) '11 stay
17. We've taken on twenty new_______this year already.
a) employing c) employees
b) employer d) employers
18. How can she afford_______on holiday twice a year?
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a) to go c) go
b) going d) to be going
19. He apologized_______making such a noise.
a) of c) for
b) against d) from
20. I'd rather you_______with us.
a) come c) coming
b) to come d) came
21. Did _______ police find _______ person who stole______bicycle?
a) the, the, the c) the, a, the
b) a, the, the d) the, the, a
22. The prisoners refused to eat_______.
a) something c) anything
b) some d) nothing
23.______he waited_______nervous he became.
a) long, much c) the longer, the more
b) longer, more d) longest, most
24.______he wasn't keen on the idea, he agreed to participate.
a) although c) despite
b) however d) in spite of
25. It is always difficult for older people_______job.
a) finding c) to find
b) find d) to have found
26. sewage into oceans and rivers is a serious form of
pollution.
a) having dumped c) dumped
b) being dumped d) dumping
27. Since ancient times, iron______to human beings.
a) is known c) is being known
b) has been known d) has been knowing
28. The President worked so hard that his______away from his desk was rare.
a) has been c) being
b) was d) to be
29. You'd better______from work tomorrow.
a) not be absent c) not to be absent
b) not to absent d) not absenting
30. Last year floods in Europe destroyed______2,000 buildings.
a) many c) just as
b) the same as d) as many as
31.Who______in the office when I______you?
a) were you talking to, phoned
b) did you talk to, phoned
c) were you talking, phoned
d) talked to, was phoning
32. You'll never jump three metres______hard you try.
a) whoever c) whenever
b) however d) wherever
33. He bought me______expensive ring he could find.
a) at last b) at least
ń) the latest d) the least
34. I'll put on an overcoat in case it______.
a) is raining c) rains
b) rain d) will rain
35. I'm used______my own shirts. I have to look after myself.
a) ironing c) iron
b) to ironing d) to iron
36. We can't offer you a sandwich because we've run______
bread.
a) away from c) out from
b) off with d) out of
37. They want______for an interview next week.
a) she will come c) that she comes
b) her coming d) her to come
38. She carried on dancing in______of the pain.
a) spirit c) split
b) spite d) despite
39. We_______wear what we liked at school when we were
young.
a) can c) weren't allowed
b) are allowed to d) weren't allowed to
40. I wish we______a few more days, I'd like to see more
sights.
a) had had c) had
b) have d) '11 have
41. There was not enough______for four in the flat.
a) room c) area
b) place d) measurement
42. The train______have arrived or I would have seen her.
a) mustn't c) should
b) can't d) should not
43.I can't imagine______a computer at work now.
a) not having c) have
b) having d) to have
44. The arrested man was suspected______robbing a bank.
a) for c) in
b) of d) against
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45. I'd rather you______the dinner now.
a) cook c) cooking
b) to cook d) cooked
46. We live in _______ old house in _______ middle of______village.
a) an, the, the c) an, a, the
b) a, the, the d) an, the, a
47. Did the children enjoy_______when they were on holiday?
a) themselves c) yourself
b) ourselves d) yourselves
48.______goods you sell_______profit you'll make.
a) many, much c) the more, the more
b) more, more d) much, many
49. They______Great Britain several times but this will be
their first trip to Ireland.
a) visit c) have visited
b) are visiting d) have been visiting
50. I doubt if she______you. You've really changed.
a) recognized c) '11 recognize
b) had recognized d) has recognized
Exercise 4. Choose the right variant.
1. My sister... interested in medicine ever since she was a
child.
a) is c) has been
b) was d) will be
2. When I started working for this company, I... an architect for six years already.
a) has been c) was
b) had been d) have been
3. I'll take the decision after I... to the manager.
a)speak c) has spoken
b) will speak d) spoke
4. Look! That window just... again!
a) has broken c) has been broken
b) broke d) break
5. This cafe used to be much... before they opened the new one next door.
a) popular c) most popular
b) more popular d) the most popular
6. My company has treated me well, and given me... chance to succeed.
a) every c)each
b) all d) either
7. There may be no need to go to school in the future, since everyone will have a computer... home.
a) - c)in
b) at d) for
8. The pilot... land the plane on only one engine.
a) could c) must
b) was able to d) need
9.... marriages end in divorce these days.
a) many c) few
b) much d) a few
10. You have to learn to accept... ups and downs of life.
a) the ń) ą
b) - d) this
11. Belarus has always been rich in... talented and gifted people.
a) an c) the
b) a d) -
12. Where... my scissors? I can't find them.
a) is c) was
b) are d) has been
13. I don't believe in ghosts, so I'm not afraid... them of course.
a) of c) in
b) at d)
14. The two Prime Ministers... discuss the current economic crisis tomorrow.
a) can c) has to
b) may d) are to
15.I think he was lonely because he had... friends and none of his neighbours ever spoke to him.
a) few c) many
b) a few d) much
16. The journey to Paris had taken much... before they built the Channel Tunnel.
a) longer c) long
b) the longest d) longest
17. A small sum of money... from the cash some days ago and nobody knows who did it.
a) steal c) is stolen
b) stole d) was stolen
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18. Man... first in East Africa.
a) is discovered c) discover
b) discovered d) was discovered
19. Why are you so dirty? - I... in the garden.
a) dig c) was digging
b) dug d) have been digging
20. Next summer we... here for 20 years.
a) will live c) will be living
b) will have been living d) are living
Exercise 5. Choose the right variant from the words in brackets.
1. My brother has got (a lot, a lot of, much) stamps in his collection but I have (few, little, a little) in (my, mine, our).
2. The article (publish) in tomorrow's newspaper. I'll bring you the paper if I (be able) to buy it.
3. The accident looked (serious, seriously), but fortunately (somebody, nobody, anybody) (injure).
4. Where did you buy (this, these, that) trousers? - I bought (it, them, that) in the (near) department store some days ago. They still (sell) (they, them, it). I just (be) there.
5. Oh, Kate! I'm glad to see you. I (not, see) you for ages. You look (nice, nicely) and (happy, happily) today. - I feel much (good) than yesterday. I (work) hard this term and by the end of next week I (pass) all my exams, then I (go) on holiday.
6. I asked my teacher if we (be able) to read (a/an, the, -) English books in (a/an, the, -) original soon.
7. I hope you (inform) us when the documents (sing) (with, by) the boss.
8. The secretary (know) when the president (take) the final decision (at, by, on) this issue?
9. I want to know if the latest model of refrigerators you are going to produce (be) of higher quality (than, then) the previous one.
10. He asked the manager if they (settle) the price problem (by, in, through) the end of next month.
11. She didn't even ask me if I (help) her to do (these, this) translation, and I didn't know when I (have) spare time to do it.
12. The girl asked her mother when she (buy) her (the other, another) parrot, as their old one (fly) away.
13. The manager asked (a/an, the, -) secretary if she (be able to) arrange everything herself for the reception of the foreign delegation.
14. My friend wanted to know if I (buy) a flat in a new district or in (a/an, the, -) centre of the city. But as I (not, save up) for any of them yet, I told him (something, nothing, few) about my plans.
15. The guide asked the tourists if they (want) to see the sights of (a/an, the, ) Tower when they (arrive) (to, in, at) London.
WRITING
Projects. Choose and perform one of the projects given.
1. Select one of the following statements and argue for or against it:
- People have the right to hone their computing skills by breaking into computers.
- A person who creates a virus is perfectly justified in releasing it if the purpose is to make everyone aware of these security breaches.
- Computer crimes are no different from other crimes, and computer criminals should be held responsible for the damage they cause.
UNIT 21
DATABASES
Vocabulary Bank Unit 21
Task 1. Read, write the translation and learn the basic vocabulary terms:
1. an indexed filing cabinet
2. averaging
3. background
4. bearing (n)
5. BLOB (binary large objects)
6. Boolean data
7. card index system
8. challenging task
9. commission field
10. consistent position
11. conversion routine
12. decision making
13. enormous
14. envision
15. essential
16. export routine
17. extensive
18. fixed-length
19. flexibly
20. fluency
21. inaccurate
22. integer
23. intricacies
24. invoice
25. joining tables
26. lookups
27. manual filing system
28. meaningful
29. merging
30. messy
31. pay check
32. percentage
33. perspective
34. redundancy
35. relational database
36. sophisticated query languages
37. SQL (structured query language)
38. tables sort key
39. term parameter
40. timely
41. to accomplish
42. to compile
43. to concise
44. to contain
45. to delineate
46. to prevent
47. to retrieve
48. to specify
49. to stand for
50. to think ahead
51. treatment
52. user-defined
53. validation rules
54. validity
55. variable-length
56. well-defined
Text 21A. DATABASE DESIGN
With a database you can store, organize and retrieve a large collection of related information on computer. If you like, it is the electronic equivalent of an indexed filing cabinet. Let us look at some features and applications.
Information is entered on a database via fields. Each field holds a separate piece of information, and the fields are collected together into records. For example, a record about an employee might consist of several fields which give their name, address, telephone number, age, salary and length of employment with the company. Records are grouped together into files which hold large amounts of information. Files can easily be updated: you can always change fields, add new records or delete old ones. With the right database software, you are able to keep track of stock, sales, market trends, orders, invoices and many more details that can make your company successful.
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Another feature of database programs is that you can automatically look up and find records containing particular information. You can also search on more than one field at a time. For example, if a managing director wanted to know all the customers that spend more than £7,000 per month, the program would search on the name field and the money field simultaneously.
A computer database is much faster to consult and update than a card index system. It occupies a lot less space, and records can be automatically sorted into numerical or alphabetical order using any field.
The best packages also include networking facilities which add a new dimension of productivity to businesses. For example, managers of different departments can have direct access to a common database, which represent an enormous advantage. Thanks to security devices, you can share part of your files on a network and control who sees the information. Most aspects of the program can be protected by user-defined passwords. For example, if you wanted to share an employees personal details, but not their commission, you could protect the commission field. In short, a database manager helps you control the data you have at home, in the library or in your business.
The key to an effective database is its initial design. In a well-designed database, data can be flexibly manipulated to produce timely, meaningful, and accurate information for decision making. Bad database design can lead to messy database, lost records, and inaccurate data. The goal of database design is to store information so that it easy to access and maintain, but concise enough to take up as little disk space as possible.
The term database structure refers to the arrangement of fields, tables, and relationships in a database. The first step in structuring a relational database is to determine what data must be collected and stored. To do so, a database designer might begin by consulting users and studying the current filing system to compile a list of available data as well as any additional data necessary to produce on-screen output or printed reports.
After the designer determines what data to store, the next step is to organize that data into fields. It is usually easy to break data into fields just by using common sense and considering how people might want to access the data. Any data that people would to search for, sort on, or use in a calculation should be in its own field. The treatment of first and last name illustrates the concept of breaking data into fields. A database designer could define a field called Name to hold an entire customers name.
With the entire name in one field, however, the database would not be able to access individual parts of the name, making it difficult to alphabetize customers by last name or to produce a report in which names appear in one field. Thats why the last names are stored in a different field than first names.
Although two people might have, for example, the same name or two paychecks might contain the same amount, a computer must have some way to differentiate between records. A primary key is a field that contains data unique to a record.
The data that can be entered into a field depends on the fields data type. From a technical perspective, data type specifies the way data is represented on the disk and in RAM. From a user perspective, the data type determines the way data can be manipulated. When designing a database, each field is assigned a data type. Data can be broadly classified as numeric or character. Character data contains letters, numerals and symbols not used for calculations. Numeric data contains numbers that can be manipulated mathematically by adding, averaging, multiplying and so forth. There are several numeric data types, including real, integer, and date. The real data type is used for fields that contain numbers with decimal places- prices, percentages, and so on. The integer data type is used for fields that contain whole numbers-quantities, repetitions, rankings, and so on. The date data type is used to store dates in a format that allows them to be manipulated, such as you want to calculate the numbers of days between two dates.
The text data type is typically assigned to fixed-length fields that hold character data- peoples names, albums titles, and so on. Text fields sometimes hold data that looks like numbers, but doesnt need to be mathematically manipulated. Telephone numbers and ZIP codes are examples of data that looks numeric, but should be stored in text fields. A memo data type usually provides a variable-length field into which users can enter comments. The logical data type (sometimes called a Boolean or yes/no data type) is used for true/false or yes/no data using minimal storage space. Some file and database management systems also include additional data types, such as BLOBs and hyperlinks. A BLOB (binary large object) is a collection of binary data stored in a single field of a database. BLOBs can be just about any kind of data you would store as a file, such as an MP3 music track. The hyperlink data type stores URLs used to link directly from a database to a Web page.
The information produced by reports and processing routines is only as accurate as the information in the database. Unfortunately, data entry errors can compromise the accuracy and validity of a database. When designing a database, it is important to think ahead and envision potential data entry errors. Preventing every typographical error is not possible. However, it is possible to catch some of these errors by using field validation rules, list boxes, or lookups. A process called normalization helps to create a database structure that can save storage space and increase processing efficiency. The goal of normalization is to minimize data redundancy the amount of data that is repeated or duplicated in a database.
Records in a database can be organized in different way depending how people want to use them. No single way of organizing the data accommodates everyone needs, but tables can be sorted or indexed in multiple ways. A tables sort order is the order in which records are stored on disk. Sorted tables typically produce faster queries and updates. In a sorted table, new records are inserted to maintain the order. Most DBMSs use a sort key to determine the order in which records are stored. A tables sort key is one or more fields used to specify where new records are inserted in a table. A database index can be used to organize data in alphabetic or numeric order. A database index contains a list of keys, and each key provides a pointer to the record that contains the rest of the fields related to that key.
Designing the database user interface can be a challenging task. If a companys database includes multiple tables used by many different people, a professional user interface designer usually creates and maintains the user interface. Large databases might even require a group of user interface designers, meanwhile the interfaces for smaller databases, such as those used by small business or individuals, is most likely created by a single one.
A well-defined user interface for a database should be clear, intuitive, and efficient. A designer might consider the following principles:
Arrange fields in a logical order beginning at the top-left of the screen. The first field should be those used most often or those that come first in the data entry sequence.
57. Provide visual clues to the entry areas. An edit box, line, or shaded area can delineate data entry areas.
58. Entry areas should appear in a consistent position relative to their labels. By convention, labels are placed left of the entry areas or above them.
59. Provide a quick way to move through the fields in order. By convention, the tab key performs this function.
60. If all fields do not fit on a single screen, use scrolling or create a second screen.
61. Provide buttons or other easy-to-use controls for moving from one record to another.
62. Supply on-screen instructions to help ensure that data is entered correctly. Web database can benefit from links to help pages.
After the design for the database structure is completed, it is time to load the database with an initial set of data. Data can be loaded into a database manually by using generic data entry tools supplied with the DBMS or by using a customized data entry module created by the database designer. Entering data manually can take a long time, however, and mistakes such as misspelling are common. If the data exists electronically in another type of database or in flat files, it is usually possible to transfer the data using a custom-written conversion routine or import and export routines. A conversion routine converts the data from its current format into a format that can be automatically incorporate into the new database. It takes some time and requires knowledge about database formats to write conversion routines, but for large databases, its much quicker to convert data than to re-enter it manually. Converting data also results in fewer errors.
Some DBMSs provide built-in import and export routines that automatically convert data from one file format to another. An import routine brings data into a database. For example, if data was previously stored as a spread-sheet file, an import routine in Microsoft Access can be used to transfer data from the spreadsheet to an Access database. In contrast, an export routine copies data out of a software package, such as spreadsheet software, and into the database. Typically, you would use either an import routine or an export routine to move data from one location to another, but not both.
Task 2. Match the meaning of the following English words with the Ukrainian equivalents.
1. conversion routine ą) čēįūņī÷ķīńņü äąķķūõ
2. data redundancy b) ļīš’äīź ńīšņčšīāźč
3. BLOB c) čķäåźń įąēū äąķķūõ
4. variable-length field d) źīķāåšńčīķķą’ ļīäļšīćšąģģą
5. primary key e) ļåšāč÷ķūé źėž÷
6. sort order f) öåėī÷čńėåķķūé ņčļ äąķķūõ
7. validation rule g) įīėüųīé äāīč÷ķūé īįśåźņ
8. fixed-length field h) ļīėå ķåļīäāčęķīé äėčķū
9. integer data type i) ļšąāčėī šąņčōčźąöčč
10. database index j) ļīėå ļåšåģåķķīé äėčķū
Task 3. Choose the ending for each sentence from the two versions given.
1. The key to an effective database is
a) its initial design.
b) to determine what data must be collected and stored.
2. The term database structurerefers to
a) the arrangement of fields, tables, and relationships in a database.
b) the concept of breaking data into fields.
3. From a technical perspective, data typespecifies
a) the way data can be manipulated.
b) the way data is represented on the disk and in RAM.
4. Character data contains
a) letters, numerals and symbols not used for calculations.
b) numbers that can be manipulated mathematically.
5. The goal of normalization
a) to produce timely, meaningful, and accurate information for decision making.
b) is to minimize data redundancy-the amount of data that is repeated or duplicated in a database.
6. After the design for the database structure is completed, it is time
a) to determine the order in which records are stored.
b) to load the database with an initialset of data.
Task 4. Decide if the sentences are true or false.
1. Information is entered on a database via records. 2. Records are grouped together into files. 3. A card index system is much faster to consult and update than a computer database. 4. A great advantage for managers of different departments is that they have direct access to a common database. 5. Database program can be protected by related information. 6. If you want to share your personal commission, you can protect the commission field.
Task 5. Complete the sentences with the words in the box. Translate.
| passwords field layout merging record sorted updated security devices database |
1. In order to personalize a standard letter you can use mail (a technique which consists of combining a database with a document made with a word processor). 2. Records can be automatically into any order. 3. You can decide how many fields you want to have on a . 4. Files can easily be by adding new information or deleting the old one. 5. Most aspects of the program can be protected by user-defined . 6. Thanks to , you can share part of your files on a network and control who sees the information. 7. A program can be used to store, organize and retrieve information of any kind. 8. The of the records can be designed by the user. 9. Each piece of information is given in a separate .
Task 6. Discuss the following questions:
What is a database?
How is information entered on a database?
What does each field hold?
What does updating a file mean?
What are the advantages of a database program over a manual filing system?
How can access to a common database be protected?
What is the goal of a well-designed database?
What does the term database structure refer to?
Speak on the first step in structuring a relational database? What is the next step?
Why are last names stored in a different field than first names?
What does make each record unique?
How does a database designer know what data types to use?
Can a database designer prevent people from entering inaccurate data?
What is normalization?
What are the principles that a designer might consider to improve this database?
How is data loaded into database tables?
Task 7. Which word does not belong to the group?
a) initial, original, primary, subsequent;
b) allow, permit, let, advice (v)
c) current, visual, intuitive, efficiently;
d) carry out, execute, fulfill, specify;
e) reduce, decrease, minimize, grow up;
f) tool, device, equipment, gadget.
Task 8. Fill in the blanks choosing from the variants given.
1. In a well-designed database, data can be manipulated to produce timely, meaningful, and accurate information for decision making.
a) flexibly b) smoothly c) slowly d) hardly
2. The term database structurerefers to the of fields, tables, and relationships in a database.
a) agreement b) allocation c) arrangement d) appointment
3. A primary keyis a that contains data unique to record.
a) space b) field c) table d) file
4. When designing a database, you should and envision potential data entry errors.
a) think ahead b) think about c) think over d) think out
5. Entering data can take a long time, however, and mistakes such as misspelling are common.
a) electronically b) automatically c) in written form d) manually
6. A conversion routine the data from its current format into a format that can be automatically incorporate into the new database.
a) provides b) transfers c) converts d) supplies
Task 9. Transform the given sentences using the word in brackets without any change in meaning. You may omit, change or add words as required.
10. The goal of database design is to store information so that it easy to access and maintain (aim).
11. The treatment of first and last name illustrates the concept of breaking data into fields (shows).
12. BLOBs can be just about any kind of data you would typically store as a file, such as an MP3 music track (usually).
13. The information produced by reports and processing routines is only as accurate as the information in the database (exact).
14. No single way of organizing the data accommodates everyone needs, but tables can be sorted or indexed in multiple ways (satisfies).
15. Typically, you would use either an import routine or an export routine to move data from one location to another, but not both. (place).
Task 10. Fill in the gaps in the text.
The first step in designing relational data base is to define its fields by specifying a ___and data type. Integer, date and ___ data types are used for fields that might be mathematically manipulated. The ___ data type is used for fixed-length fields containing text that is not intended to be mathematically manipulated. The ___ data type is a variable-length field for entering text. The ___ data type is used to store true/false or yes/no data. The ___ data type is used to store binary data, such as MP3 files or graphics. When designing fields, a database designer can also include field formats, field ___ rules, and lookup routines to reduce data entry errors.
Task 11. Read the text and do the tasks below.
TEXT 21B. SQL
Adding records, finding information and making updates are all important aspects of database use. Most people who access a database on a casual basis interact with very simple user interfaces. These user interfaces shield users from the intricacies of sophisticated query languages. Nevertheless, a little background in query languages can help you understand the power and capabilities of databases.
Query languages like SQL (Structured Query Language) typically work behind the scenes as an intermediary between the database client software provided to users and the database itself. Database client software provides an easy-to-use interface for entering search specifications, new records, data updates, and so on. The client software collects your input, and then converts it into an SQL query, which can operate directly on the database to carry out your instructions.
An SQL query is a sequence of words, much like a sentence. Most implementations of SQL accept either uppercase or lowercase keywords.
The SQL query language provides a collection of special command words called SQL keywords, such as SELECT, FROM, INSERT, and WHERE, which issue instructions to the database. Most SQL queries can be divided into three simple elements that specify an action, the name of database table, and a set of parameters. Lets look at each of these elements.
An SQL query typically begins with an action keyword, or command, which specifies the operation you want to carry out. For examples, the command word DELETE removes a record from a table, the command word CREATE creates a database or table, the command word INSERT is used to add a record, the command word JOIN uses the data from two tables, SELECT searches for records and UPDATE changes data in the field.
SQL keywords such as USE, FROM, or INTO can be used to construct a clause specifying the table you want to access. The clause consists of a keywords followed by the name of the table. For example, the clause FROM Tracks indicates that you want to use the Tracks table from the Vintage Music Shops database.
The term parameter refers to detailed specifications for a command. Keyword such as WHERE usually begin an SQL clause containing the parameters for a command.
One of the most common database operations is to query for a particular record or group of records by using the SELECT command. The phrase, for example, SELECTAlbumTitle, Album Cover specifies that the database should show you only the album title and cover, and until you confirm that is the album you are interested in, it will not show you additional information such as the price or list of tracks.
You can change records in a database only if you have authorization to do so. At Vintage Music Shops site, for example, customers do not have authorization to change album prices or alter the name of the songs on an album. The process of purchasing an album, however, does cause an update in the whole database. Your purchase just reduces the number of albums in the shops inventory. To accomplish this update, one of the software modules in the shops inventory system issues an SQL UPDATE command to reduce the number in the InStock field record. In addition to changing the data in a single record, SQL can perform a global update that changes the date in more than one record at a time. It means that is possible to update a group of records. Suppose youre Vintage Music Shops marketing manager, and you want to put all The Rolling Stones albums on sale by reducing the DiscountPrice to $9.95. You could do it the hard way by searching for an ArtistName field that contains Rolling Stones, adjusting the DiscountPrice field for that record, and then looking for the next Rolling Stones album. However, it would be easier to change all records with a single command. The following SQL statement accomplish this global update:
UPDATE Albums
SET DiscountPrice=9.95
WHERE ArtistName=Rolling Stones
Lets see how this command performs a global update. The UPDATE command means you want to change the data in some or all of records. Albums is the name of the record type containing the data you want to change. SET DiscountPrice=9.95 tells the DBMS to change the data in the DiscountePrice field to $9.95. WHERE ArtistName=Rolling Stones tells the DBMS to change only those records where the artist name is Rolling Stones. Although the global update function is powerful, it works only for records that have similar characteristics.
Recall that the process of normalization creates tables that can be related by fields that exist in both tables. In SQL terminology, the creating a relationship between tables is referred to as joining tables. To take advantage of the relationship between two tables, you first have to join the tables. Why? Remember that in relational database, the tables are essentially independent unless you join them together. The SQL JOIN command allows you to temporarily join and simultaneously access the data in more than one table.
SQL is a very extensive and powerful language that can be used not only to manipulate data, but also to create databases, tables and reports. Because SQL is one of the most popular database tools, many computer professionals consider SQL fluency as essential career skill.
Task 12. Match the meaning of the following English words with their Russian definitions.
1. SQL query a) ēąļčń
2. Database client software b) ļīāķå īķīāėåķķ’
3. Relation database c) ģīāą ēąļčņ³ā
4. Record d) šåćóė’ö³éķą įąēą äąķčõ
5. Global update e) źėž÷īāå ńėīāī
6. Parameter f) ļšīćšąģķå ēąįåēļå÷åķķ’ źė³ŗķņą įąēč äąķčõ
7. Keyword g) SQL-ēąļčņ
8. Query language h) ńėīāī-źīģąķäą
9. Command word i) īįŗäķąķķ’ ņąįėčöü
10. Joining tables j) ļąšąģåņš
Task 13. Match the beginning of the sentences in the first column with the endings in the second.
| 1. Adding records, finding information, and making updates 2. Query languages like SQL typically work behind the scenes 3. Database client software provides 4. An SQL query is 5. The process of purchasing an album 6. The SQL JOIN command allows you | a) as an intermediary between database client software provided to users and the database itself. b) are all important aspects of database use. c) a sequence of words, much like a sentence. d) only if you have authorization to do so. e) an easy-to-use interface for entering search specifications, new records, data updates and so on. f) does cause an update in the whole database. Your purchase just reduce the numbers of albums in the shops inventory. |
Task 14. Put the letters in the words in brackets into the correct order.
7. A little in query languages can help you understand the power and capabilities of databases (roducknabg).
8. An SQL query typically begins with an action , or command, which specifies the operation you want to carry out (weykdor).
9. The clause consists of a keywords followed by the name of the (ablet).
10. Your just reduces the numbers of albums in the shops inventory (sacherup).
11. The term refers to detailed specifications for a command (earpmaret).
12. Although the global update function is powerful, it works only for that have similar characteristics (coerdrs).
Task 15. Fill in the blanks choosing from the variants given.
1. Most people who access a database on a casual basis with very simple user interface.
a ) manipulate b) work c) operate d) interact
2. A little in query languages can help you understand the capabilities of databases.
a) certainty b) background c) career skills d) experience
3. The SQL query language provides a collection of special command called SQL keywords, such as SELECT, FROM, INSERT, and WHERE, which issue instructions of the database.
a) words b) passwords c) names d) numbers
4. Most SQL queries can be divided into three simple elements that an action, the name of database table, and a set of parameters.
a) execute b) indicate c) construct d) specify
5. Customers do not have to change album prices or alter the name of the songs on an album.
a) authorization b) rights c) permission d) possibilities
6. SQL is a very extensive and powerful language that can be used not only to data, but also to create databases, tables and reports.
a) enter b) manipulate c) to make updates d) input
Task 16. Match the beginnings and the endings of the steps given and put them into correct order.
| 1 SET DiscountPrice=9.95 tells 2. WHERE ArtistName=Rolling Stones tells 3. Albums is 4. The UPDATE command means 5. It means that 6. SQL can perform a global update | a) the name of the record type containing the data you want to change. b) to change the data in the DiscountePrice field to $9.95. c) to change only those records where the artist name is Rolling Stones. d) you want to change the data in some or all of records. e) that changes the date in more than one record at time. f) is possible to update a group of records. |
Task 17. Fill in the gaps in the text.
SQL is a database query language that typically works behind the scenes as an intermediary between the database ___ software provided to users and the database itself. Although the specifications for searchers and other database tasks are collected by easy-to use graphical user interfaces, those specifications are converted into SQL ___ which can communicate directly with the database. An SQL query contains SQL ___ such as SELECT, FROM, INSERT, JOIN and WHERE, plus ___ that specify the details of the command. Records can be removed from a database using the SQL ___ command. Record can be added to a table using the SQL ___ command. To search for data, you can use the SQL ___ command. To change or replace the data in a field requires the SQL ___ command.
Task 18. Speaking. Discuss the following questions.
a What are the most important aspects of database use?
b Why is so important to have a little background in query languages?
c What does the abbreviation SQL stand for?
d How does a query language like SQL work?
e What does a simple SQL query look like?
f How does SQL specify the action that someone wants carried out in the data base? Speak on the most commonly used SQL command words.
g How does SQL specify which table to use?
h How do SQL queries carry out searches?
i Is it possible to change the contents of records or to update a group of records? What does the process of purchasing cause?
j How is the date retrieved from more than one table at a time? What command does allow you to access the data in more than one table?
Task 19. Do the tasks in the following test.
1. A(n) file is a structured file containing only one record type .
2. All of the following are considered advantages of using static Web publishing to display data on a Web page, EXEPT .
a) you data remains secure
b) most entry-level DBMSs provide the capability to produce an HTML page
c) users can change your data d) it provides a snapshot of your data
3. Modern database software supports data , which means keeping data separated from the program modules that manipulate the data.
4. The first step to organize relational database is to organize data into field. (True / False)
5. In a relational database, an attribute is equivalent to a record. (True/False)
6. A(n) is a collection of data fields that pertain to an entity, such as a person, place, or thing.
7. One of the goal of normalization process is to minimize data .
8. SQL include SELECT, FROM and INSERT.
9. ASP, CGI, and PHP are used to create XML documents that are processed on a server before being sent to your browser. (True/False)
10. In SQL, the JOIN command allows you to add fields to a database. (True/False)
11. Spreadsheet software typically includes some data management features suitable for working with relational database. (True/False)
12. A database index has no bearing on the physical sequence of records stored on disk. (True/False)
13. Data refers to the use of statistical tools for automated extraction of predictive information from database.
14. An SQL query is a sequence of words, much like a sentence. (True/False)
15. One a tables sort key has been added, it cannot be changed. (True/False)
16. In an ERD, relationships and are shown by connecting lines.
17. A primary contains data unique to a record.
18. The term parameter refers to detailed specifications for a command. (True/False)
19. Real, integer, text, logical, BLOB and date are examples of data .
20. A database consists of one or more records that contain data.
