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, - . , , , , . (: Financial Times, The Wall Street Journal, ; - ; Internet) . , . , . , , . () , .

Dow Jones Industrial Average, DJIA -, 30 , NYSE. , IBM, General Electric ., (blue chips). . ( , ) , . , , , . , , . , -, 10 , : 90- 3000, 12000 ( XX 1932 , 42,11). DJIA : (Home Bonds); 20 (Transport); 15 (Utilities).

, , NYSE, NYSE Composite. - Standard and Poors 500 (S&P 500), 400 , 40 , 40 20 . S&P Industrials S&P Financials. , S&P 500 , Standard and Poors Composite. 80% NYSE. , . .

- . (AMEX), , NYSE. AMEX (AMEX Market Value), 800 . 4.1, NASDAQ, - , Internet.

: , 1997 Internet- 1000 , 2000 , . , , , . , , . - 2000 , 2 . . . , NASDAQ , - . NASDAQ Composite.

. NYSE 30 , 1935 Financial Times FT Ordinary Share Index FT 30. , FT-SE 100 Footsie () . Nikkei (). DAX. Reuters. . RTS1-Interfax. . . , , ( , , Internet-). DJIA: . NASDAQ Composite .

, (over the counter). . . , . 1909 . (John Moody), , Dun and Bradctreet. John Moody Dun and Bradstreet. Moodys Investors Service ( Moodys). . Moodys Standard and Poors S&P. ( , ). : Fitch Investors Service ( - Fitch) Duff and Phelps Credit Rating Company ( - Duff and Phelps). ( , , , , .). (, ) Standard and Poors.

, , , , .. . , AM Best Company Thomson Bankwatch .

4.4.1. ,

(S&P)

S&P Moody's Fitch Duff&Phelps
AAA Aaa AAA AAA .
AA Aa AA AA .
A A A A , .
BBB Baa BBB BBB , . ( , , .)

BB Ba BB BB , . , , .
B B B B , . , .
CCC Caa CCC CCC . , . .
CC   CC   . (Fitch: .)
C Ca C   , . (Fitch: .)
D C DDD/DD/D DD . , , . , S&P , . (Fitch: DDD , D - .)

S&P + - AA . , +, , -. Moody's 1, 2, 3 Aa B: Ba1, Ba2, Ba3. Fitch + -. Duff&Phelps + - .

. , () . . ( ) . , . , , , .

. , Standard and Poors. 4.4.1 , . S&P, .

( ) . , Moodys AAA, . . 2000 + S&P Fitch. Moodys B. Fitch S&P . .

. . . , , .

4

1. .. . .: , , 1999, . 14 38.

2. ., . . .: , 1997, . 309 395.

3. . . . .: -˔, 1995. 208 .

4. . . .: , 1999. 400 .

5. . (12 . ). .: , 1992. 32 .

6. . . .: , 1997, . 7 47; 379 417.

7. ., . -. .: -, 1998. 384 .

8. Β ., . (FAST). .: Ĕ, 1995, . 111 136.

9. . . .: , 1998. 208 .

10. . . .: -̔, 1998. 416 .

11. ( ). .: -, 1998, . 222 319.

12. ., ., . . .: -, 1997, . 21 94.





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