1. - - , , . , , .
2. - ( ) , :
2Cl1- 2ē | Cl20 | 5 | |
MnO41- + 8H+ | + 5ē | Mn2+ + 4H2O | 2 |
7+ | 2+ |
10Cl- + 2MnO41- + 16H+ 5Cl20 + 2Mn2+ + 8H2O
( H+, OH- )
-.
1. .
pH .
.
5K2S+4O3 + 2KMn+7O4 + 3H2SO4 6K2S+6O4 + 2Mn+2SO4 + 3H2O
MnO4- + 8H+ + 5ē Mn2+ + 4H2O | 2 |
SO32- + H2O 2ē SO42- + 2H+ | 5 |
2MnO4- + 16H+ + 5SO32- + 5H2O 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 5SO42- + 10H+
2MnO4- + 6H+ + 5SO32- 2Mn2+ + 3H2O + 5SO42-
3K2S+4O3 + 2KMn+7O4 + H2O 3K2S+6O4 +2Mn+4O2¯ + 2KOH
MnO41- + 2H2O + 3ē MnO2 + 4OH- | 2 | |
SO32- + 2OH- - 2ē SO42- + H2O | 3 | |
2MnO4- + 4H2O + 3SO32- + 6OH- 2MnO2 + 8OH- + 3SO42- + 3H2O
2MnO4- + H2O + 3SO32- 2MnO2 + 2OH- + 3SO42-
.
K2S+4O3 + 2KMn+7O4 + 2KOH K2S+6O4 +2K2Mn+6O4 + H2O
SO32- + 2OH- - 2ē SO42- + H2O | 1 |
MnO41- + ē MnO42- | 2 |
SO32- + 2OH- + 2MnO4- SO42- + H2O + 2MnO42-
2.
+6 +3.
1.
K2Cr2+6O7 + 3H2S-2 + 4H2SO4 K2SO4 + Cr2+3(SO4)3 + 3S0¯ + 7H2O
Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 6ē 2Cr3+ + 7H2O | 1 | |
H2S0 - 2ē S0 + 2H+ | 3 | |
Cr2O72- + 8H+ + 3H2S 2Cr3+ + 7H2O + 3S0
2.
K2Cr2+6O7 + 6Fe+2SO4 + 7H2SO4 3Fe2+3(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + Cr2+3(SO4)3 + 7H2O
Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 6ē 2Cr3+ + 7H2O | 1 |
Fe2+ - ē Fe3+ | 6 |
6Fe2+ + Cr2O72- + 14H+ 2Cr3+ + 6Fe3+ + 7H2O
3.
K2Cr2+6O7 + 14HCl-1 3Cl20 + 2KCl + 2Cr+3Cl3 + 7H2O
Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 6ē 2Cr3+ + 7H2O | 1 |
2Cl1- - 2ē Cl20 | 3 |
Cr2O72- + 6Cl- + 14H+ 2Cr3+ + 3Cl20 + 7H2O
3. -
:
|
|
H2O2 + 2HI-1 I20 + 2H2O
2I- - 2ē I20 | 1 |
H2O2 + 2H+ + 2ē 2H2O | 1 |
2I- + H2O2 + 2H+ I2 + 2H2O
, .
5H2O2 + 2KMn+7O4 + 3H2SO4 5O20 + K2SO4 + 2Mn2+SO4 + 8H2O
MnO4- + 8H+ + 5ē Mn2+ + 4H2O | 2 |
H2O2 - 2ē O2 + 2H+ | 5 |
2MnO4- + 5H2O2 + 16H+ 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 5O2 + 10H+
2MnO4- + 5H2O2 + 6H+ 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 5O2
.
1-3
.
1. BaCl2.
2-3 : S042-, S2032-, C032- 2 BaCl2. 3-4 2 .
- SO42-
1. - 2 +.
2+ + S042- S04
2 -3 Na2S4 3 2+. .
- SO32-.
1. (KMnO4).
5K2SO3 + 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 6K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O
2-3 3-4 1 Na2SO3 .
S2O32-
1. HCl.
S2O32− + 2H+ → S + SO2 + H2O
2- 3 2 2 . , .
2.
2S2O32− + I2 → S4O62− + 2I−
2-3 I2 2-3 , 2-3 2 1 3-4 . .
3. AgNO3.
Ag+ + 2S2O32− → [Ag(S2O3)2]3−
3 2 , .
CO32 --.
1, .
Na2C03+2HCl=2NaCl+H20+CO2
10 Na2C03 2 HCl. . ?
2. AgN03.
AgN03 + Na2C03 = 2NaN03 + Ag2C03
2-3 2 . .
P043-.
1. . (MgCl2 + NH40 H + NH4 Cl). .
:
Na2HP04 + MgCl2 + NH40H ↔ MgNH4P04 ↓ + 2 NaCl + H20
|
|
2 -3 MgCl2 2-3 NH40H, Mg(0H)2 NH4Cl . Na2HPO4 . ?
2. ( (NH4)2 Mo04 c HN03)
.
Na3P04 + 3 NH4Cl +12(NH4)2Mo04 + 24HN03 → (NH4)3H4[P(Mo207)6↓ +
24 NH4N03 + + 3 NACl + 10 H2O
5 2 .
.
1. II AgNO3
II AgCl , AgBr , AgI . . AgCl [Ag(NH3)2]Cl. AgBr , AgI .
3-4 NaCl, KBr 1, 3 . . .
-.
1 .
(04,2207,103, 02) 1- 12:
2 KCI + MnO2 + 2 H2SO4 → l2 ↑ + K2S04 +MnS04 + 2 H2O
.
5 l 3 . , 02 . C12 .
-.
I. .
04,02, 12 . - , , . .
12 + 2 - → 2 1- + 2
5 1 ,
2 2 , ,2-3 . .
, , , () .
- .
1. . .
, - , - , - . , . I- - I2 (, ) .
3 4 2 , 6 .
2. (II) , . bl2 .
5 (II). 2 ,3 . . .
|
|
.
1 II , . .
- .
1. (C65)2NH. .
N03- . - NO-2, r042- , .
3-4 1-2 .
- (3-)
1. .
, .
5 1 , . .