.
, . , H+ -, , , ; . - .
. - - , . , - .
, . , :
2 11 + 3 Na2S + 6 2O = 2 1(0)3 + 3 H2S + 6 NaCl
2 13+ + 6 Cl- + 6Na++3 S2- + 6 H2O = 2 A1(OH)3+3 H2S + 6Na+ + 6 l-
2 Al3+ +3 S2- + 6 H2O = 2 A1(OH)3+ 3 H2S
. AlCl3 Na2S :
Al3+ + H2O ↔ AlOH2+ + H+
S2- + H2O ↔ HS+ + OH-
- , , . . . "=" "→. :
Na2SiO3 + 2 NH4CI + 22 = H2SiO3 + 2NH4OH + 2NaCl
2Na+ + SiO32- + 2NH4+ +2l- + 2H2O = H2SiO3 +2NH4OH + 2Na+ + 2l-
SiO32- + 2 NH4+ + 2H2O = H2SiO3+ 2 NH4OH
.
V VI
-
V
V 2 (N ). c , , .
1. NaOH ( ).
Mg2+ + 2NaOH →Mg(OH)2
.
3 Mg2+ NaOH. Mg(OH)2.
2. . ( ).
|
|
|
NH4OH NH4Cl MgNH4PO4, pacoporo .
Mg(NO3)2 + Na2HPO4 + NH4OH → MgNH4PO4 + 2NaNO3 + 2
Mg(NO3)2, 4 2 1 2 Na2HPO4. 1 2 NH4OH, . NH4CI, Mg(OH)2. , MgNH4PO3.
Sr2+, Ba2+, Fe3+, Al3+, Cr3+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Co2+.
3. 8- (C9H6 NOH).
- Mg(C9H6NOH)2.
Mg(NO3)2 + 296N → Mg(9H6NOH)2 + 2HNO3
2 Mg(NO3)2 NH4CI NH4OH, , - . =8 - 10.
1. .
n2+ - , .
n2+ + 2O- → n()2
3 n2+ 3 NaOH.
2. 22 .
n2+ 2n.
n()2 + 2O2 → 2nO3 + 2O
2-3 Mn(NO3)2 3 6%- 22 6 NaOH. . 2n.
(II)
1. .
(II) F(H)2, , Fe(OH)3.
2. K3[ Fe(CN)6] (III)
( )
3FeSO4 = 2K3[Fe(CN)6] → 3K2SO4 + Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2
Ҡ
3 Fe2+ 2 HCI 2 K3[Fe(CN)6]. .
3. ( )
Fe2+ - .
3 Fe2+, 2 , 2-3 N4OH 2 - 3 . (II) - .
Fe2+, Ni2+, Fe3+ , a Ni 2+ KCN [Ni(CN)4]2-
(III)
1. Fe3+, Fe(OH)3. .
2. K4[F e(CN)6]
Fe3+ - .
4FeCI3 + 3K4[Fe(CN)6] → 12KCI + Fe4[Fe(CN)6]
|
|
|
4 FeCl3, 2 HCI
3 K4[Fe(CN)6]. .
3. (NH4 CNS)
- Fe3+ Fe(CNS)3.
FeCl3 + 3NH4CNS → Fe(CNS)3 + 3NH4Cl
4 FeCl3 2-3 , 2 NH4CNS; . , , , , .
1. . , , BiOC1.
BiCl3 + 2H2O → Bi(OH)2Cl↓ + 2HCl
Bi (OH)2Cl → BiOCl↓ + H2O
BiOCl .
3 BiCl i(N) + NH4CI 4- . BiOCl.
2. SnCl2. SnCl2 Bi3+ , :
SnCl2 + 4NaOH → Na2SnO2 + 2NaCl + 2H2O
Bi(NO3)3 + 3NaOH → Bi(OH)3↓ + 3NaNO3
Bi(OH)3 + 3Na2SnO2 → Bi↓ + 3Na2SnO3 + 3H2O
.
3. ( ).
Na2S (III) - i2S3:
2Bi3+ + 3S2- → Bi2S3
Bi2S3 + 8HNO3 → 2Bi(NO3)3 + 2NO + S + 4H2O
VI py
NH4 OH.
, . NH4 OH .
(II)
1. .
NH4OH, , c - .
2 CuS4 + 2 NH4OH → (CuOH)2S4 ↓ + (NH4)2SO4
(CuOH)2S4 +8NH4OH → 2 [Cu(NH3)4]2+ + SO42- + 2H- +8H2O
3 1- 2 2 NH4OH. NH4OH .
2. NaOH u2+
u()2:
u2+ + 2OH- → u()2↓
4-5 CuSO4 3-4 2 NaOH.
) u ,
) 2-3 2 1 ,
) 3 2-3 6 NaOH. ,
3. (I I) K4[Fe(CN)6] u2+ (II) - :
2u2+ +[Fe(CN)6]4- → Cu2[Fe(CN)6] ↓
2-3 CuSO4 1-2 . :
) 2-3 2 l. .
) 2-3 2 NaO. u()2.
Cu2[Fe(CN)6] + 4NaOH → 2Cu(OH)2 + Na4[Fe(N)6]
|
|
|
4. Na2S2 O3 CuS .
CuSO4 + Na2S2O3 + H2O → CuS ↓ +N2SO4 + H2SO4
2 3 , 4-5 1 H2SO4 2 - 3 Na2S203. .
, . - Cu2S :
2CuS04 + 4Na2S203 -> Cu2S ↓ + S ↓ + 3Na2S04 + Na2S4O6 + SO2 ↑
6. . .
1. .
3 Ni2+ 1-2 2 NH4OH. .
2NiSO4 + 2NH4OH → (NiOH)2SO4 ↓ + (NH4)2SO4
-頠
3-4 NH4OH. :
(NiOH)2SO4↓ + 12NH4OH -> 2[Ni(NH3)6](OH)2 + (NH4)2SO4 + 12H2O
2. NaOH Ni(OH)2 :
Ni2+ + 2OH- → Ni(OH)2
1-2 1-2 2 NaOH. 2 . 3-4 2 NaOH. .
3-4 2 HCl. :
Ni(OH)2 + 2HCl →NiCl2+H20
3. ( ) Ni2+ - .
2-3 2-3 NH4OH 2-3 . 2 l NH4OH.
Fe2+, Cu2+. , .
1. . NH4OH, 2+ OHCI .
3 2+ 1-2 2 NH4OH.
CoCI2 + NH4OH -> CoOHCl + NH4CI
2 : 4 3%- 202, 4 NH4OH 3-4 NH4C1.
(III) - :
2l2 + 10NH4OH + 2NH4Cl + 202 -> 2[(N)6]1 + 122
(II) - :
CoOHCl + 5NH4OH + NH4CI → [Co(NH3)6]Cl + 6H20
2. NaOH 2+ :
l2 + NaOH → 4l + NaCl
|
|
|
2-3 2+ 1-2 2 NaOH. 2 .
1-2 2 NaOH .
CoOHCl + NaOH → Co(OH)2 + NaCl
()2 . 2 , .
3. H2 O2.
2-3 2+, 1-2 2 NaOH 2 3% 22.
(0)3 :
2CoCl2 + 4NaOH + H22 → 2Co(OH)3 ↓ + 4NaCl
, ()2 ()3 .
