, XVIII ., .. (1803). , , , ; , . (. ) . .
1864 - 67 . . . . .. ( ) . ( .- ). 1870 - 1880 ..
.. (1862). 1882. .. 1884 . ..- ( -).
- .- ( 1884 - 87 ..), . ., ., .; - .., .. .
:
aA + bB Û dD + eE
v = k b,
-
v = k Dd Ee.
:
v = v
:
k Dd C e ¾¾ = Kc = ¾¾¾¾, k Aa C Bb |
, .
, , . = fC ( f - ).
Dd e = ¾¾¾¾. Aa Bb |
, , .
|
|
, , , :
Dd e = ¾¾¾¾. Aa Bb |
, . - :
pV = nRT,
ࠠ p = (n / V) RT = CRT.
Dd e Dd(RT) d C e(RT) Dd C e(RT) (d + ) = ¾¾¾¾ = ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ = ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾. Aa Bb Aa(RT) C Bb(RT) b Aa C Bb(RT) ( + b) |
Dd C e = ¾¾¾¾ (RT) (d + ) - ( + b). Aa C Bb |
(d + ) - ( + b) D n,
= (RT) D n = (RT)- D n,
D n - :
D n = å ni () - å ni ()).
D n = 0, . . , = .
, , :
C2H4 () + H2O () Û C2H5OH (),
25 = ¾¾¾¾¾ 24 2 |
25 = ¾¾¾¾¾. 24 2 |
D n = 1 - (1 + 1) = -1. , :
= (RT) - 1 = RT.
, , .
() . , , [-13] [-1] , . .
4.4.
:
1. ?
2. ( ) ?