:
, :
, ,
DG0 = DG0H+(-,.) + DG0OH-(-,.) DG0H2O() =
= 0 157,32 (237,25) = 79,93 ;
= = [H+][OH]= KW . (3.17)
, . , 298,15 + 1×107 /. 1 , 1000 , 1000/18 = 55,5 . , 55,5/107 = 555000000. , 555 ! (3.17) 298,15 :
W= = = 1,0×1014;
[H+][OH]=1,0×10-14 . (3.18)
(3.18) :
lg[H+] + lg[OH] = 14;
lg[H+] lg[OH] = 14.
:
= lg ( " ").
, :
pH = lg[H+]; pOH = lg[OH]. (3.19)
, , 298,15 :
+ = 14. (3.20)
= =7, . [H+] >107 / <7 (>7). [H+]<107 / >7 (<7).
, , H2SO4 HNO3 . , 10 /, . , :
1 < < 15. (3.21)
, , . . (NH4) .
. :
|
|
, , , - , . :
= [H+]
:
[H+] (3.22)
(3.22), , , , . l ,
/ . , / .
, .
( ). , (. 3.2), , , . , , , , . + . CuCl2 Na2CO3.
(II) , :
(II) (. 3.2), Cu2+ u+ , :
, , , . , <7, .
, , :
, , , Cu2+ , CuOH+, . , .
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Na2CO. CO32, . HCO3, :
, . , > 7, .
, . , , :
.
, , ( ), , ( ).
, , 7.
, , , . , .
:
1) ;
2) , ;
3) , .
:
1) ,
2) ,
.
. , , . (h) - . . , . :
:
= = . (3.23)
:
= = (3.24)
, , , .
(3.23). /, h. , , [KtOH(n-1)+] = [H+] h = [H+]/ , (3.23):
= . (3.25)
(3.25) (3.8), .
:
:
= = . (3.26)
+ :
= = . (3.27)
, , , . (3.26). , , / , , [HA(n1)] = [OH]; h = [OH] / c, :
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= . (3.28)
(3.23), (3.24) (3.27), (3.28) , .
, , , . , :
:
= . (3.29)
(3.29) W :
= . (3.30)
, , c /, h. , [Kt]=[HA]=hc; [Kt+]=[A]=chc. (3.29):
= . (3.31)
, , , , .
. (3.29) + :
= 3.32)
, :
[H+]=K.-× . (3.33)
. . Na2CO3 :
(1) = = = = ;
(2) = = = .
, . . , > 7. , , < 7.
, . . , , , , Na2CO3 CuCl2? :
, . . , , . : , , ..
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( ) , CO3×(OH)2=(OH)2CO3 .
:
2CuCl2 + 2 Na2CO3 +H2O = (CuOH)2CO3¯ + CO2+ 4 NaCl.
, . , , :
BaCl2 + Na2CO3 = BaCO3¯ + 2 NaCl.
3+ , 2+, , CuCl2 3+, . , Fe3+, Al3+, Cr3+ Na2CO3 . , () , :
2FeCl3 + 3Na2CO3 + 3H2O = 2Fe(OH)3¯ + 6NaCl + 3CO2.
3+ , , :
2AlCl3 + 3Na2SO4 + 3H2O = 2Al(OH)3¯ + 3SO2 + 6NaCl
Cr2(SO4)3 + 3Na2S + 6H2O = 2Cr(OH)3¯ + 3H2S + 3Na2SO4.
, , , (), :
SO2Cl2 + 2H2O = H2SO4 + 2HCl;
SOCl2 + H2O = SO2 + 2HCl;
COCl2 + H2O = CO2 + 2HCl;
BCl3 + 3H2O = H3BO3 + 3HCl;
PCl3 + 3H2O = H3PO3 + 3HCl;
CrO2Cl2 + 2H2O = H2CrO4 + 2HCl;
t
CS2 + 2H2O = CO2 + 2H2S.
, i(III), Sb(III), d- , :
SbCl3 + H2O = SbOCl + 2HCl;
Bi(NO3)3 + H2O = BiONO3 + 2HNO3;
Ti(SO4)2 + H2O = TiOSO4 + H2SO4.
.