VII. Read and translate the following sentences.

1.Мне интересно, работает ли еще этот стоматолог в вашей клинике.

2. Вам нужно сделать рентген, чтобы узнать, нужно ли удалять этот зуб.

3. Я не уверен, поможет ли мне это лекарство.

4. Пациент хочет спросить, ему нужно приходить на консультацию еще раз или нет.

5. Стоматолог спросил пациента, нужно ли ему делать обезболивание.

6. Врач хотел знать, готов ли рентгеновский снимок.

7. Пациент хотел знать, ему нужно пользоваться мягкой зубной щеткой или жесткой, чтобы не повредить десны.

VIII. Read and translate the text.

 

Text A. Abnormalities in the Number of Teeth

    The absence of teeth from the arch may be due to the non-eruption of fully calcified teeth; the non-evolution of the tooth germ; to the failure of the calcification processes in the dental follicle; to injury to the developing tooth germ from traumatism or infectious processes; to the accidental removal of the permanent tooth germ by the extraction of the deciduous tooth; to the transformation of the tooth germ into an odontoma.

    Whenever a calcified tooth does nor erupt, it is a case of incarceration or impaction according to whether the path leading to normal position in the arch is free or obstructed. This abnormality affects the third molars, upper and lower, the upper second bicuspids, the upper laterals, and the upper and lower cuspids with greater frequency than other teeth. Incarceration of a permanent tooth is sometimes associated with the retention of the corresponding deciduous tooth until later in life than normal and occasionally even throughout the life of the individual.

    The influence of heredity in these abnormalities of number is well shown in the case of the upper laterals, this tooth being sometimes absent through several generations in one or several members of the same family.

    The absence of the complete dentition, both deciduous and permanent, and of the permanent alone is an extremely rare occurrence, nevertheless cases of this kind are on record in dental literature.

    The absence of the permanent upper right lateral incisor is a rather frequent abnormality. The absence of a low incisor is a rare abnormality. A lower bicuspid may be absent and when it fails to erupt it is the second more frequently than the first one. The permanent first molar may be absent owing to the failure of the fully calcified tooth to erupt, its presence in the substance of the jaw being made evident with the aid of radiography. The absence of the permanent cuspids is rarely the result of the non-development of the tooth but in most instances is due to the failure of the fully formed tooth to erupt.

    The absence of deciduous teeth is occasionally observed. The absence of teeth from the arch should be diagnosed invariably with the aid of carefully secured radiograms. Unquestionably, many cases of absence of teeth are cases of non-eruption or incarceration of fully calcified teeth which remained within the substance of the jaws; in some cases this incarceration does not cause any apparent discomfort to the patient while in others it produces reflex manifestations of varying degrees of intensity.

 

    NOTES

1. until later in the life than normal – позже обычного

2. are on record – описаны

 

IX. Translate the following word combinations:

отсутствие зубов, зубная дуга, недоразвитие зубного зачатка, повреждение зуба, непрорезывание зуба, молочные зубы, постоянные зубы, боковые зубы, задержка прорезывания зубов, нижний коренной зуб, верхний малый коренной зуб, боковой клык, боковой резец, у нескольких поколений, влияние наследственности, очень редкий случай, явный дискомфорт, литература по стоматологии

 

X. Answer the questions.

1. What may the absence of the teeth from the arch be due to?

2. What teeth does impaction affect more frequently?

3. Does heredity influence the abnormality of teeth number?

4. How should the absence of the teeth be diagnosed?

5. What complications may occur as a result of incarceration?