.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


-




- φ0/,
2+/2 -0,42
+/++ -0,32
+/++ -0,32
- (-) -0,30
-/2- -0,05
/ +0,03
/ +0,04
. b F3+/. b Fe2+ +0,07
. c1 F3+/. c1 Fe2+ +0,23
. F3+/. F2+ +0,25
. F3+/. F2+ +0,29
. a3 F3+/. 3 F2+ +0,55
½ O2 + 2++2/20 +0,82

8.

200, /

S S
AgSCN 1,1.10-12 Cu2S 2,5.10-48
AgBr 5,3.10-13 CuCrO4 3,6.10-6
AgVO3 5,0.10-7 FeC2O4 2,0.10-7
Ag2WO4 5,5.10-12 FeCO3 3,5.10-11
Ag2MoO4 2,8.10-12 FePO4 1,3.10-22
Ag2CO3 1,2.10-12 Fe(OH)2 1,0.10-15
Ag2C2O4 3,5.10-11 Fe(OH)3 3,2.10-38
Ag3PO4 1,3.10-20 FeS 5,0.10-18
AgI 8,3.10-17 FeS2 6,3.10-31
Ag2SO4 1,6.10-5 Hg2Cl2 1,3.10-18
Ag2S 6,3.10-50 HgS . 4,0.10-53
AgCl 1,8.10-10 HgS . 1,6.10-52
Ag2CrO4 1,1.10-12 K2NaCo(NO2)6 2,2.10-11
As2S3 2,0.10-23 K3Co(NO2)6 4,3.10-10
Al(OH)3 1,0.10-32 Mg(OH)2 6,0.10-10
AlPO4 5,75.10-19 MgNH4PO4 2,5.10-13
BaF2 1,1.10-6 MgCO3 8,8.10-5
BaSO4 1,1.10-10 Mg3(PO4)2 1,0.10-13
BaCO3 5,1.10-9 MgNH4PO4 2,5.10-13
BaC2O4 1,1.10-7 MnCO3 2,0.10-11
Ba3(PO4)2 6,0.10-39 MnS . 2,5.10-13
BaCrO4 1,2.10-10 MnS . 2,5.10-10
BaMoO4 4,0.10-8 Mn(OH)2 1,9.10-13
Be(OH)2 6,3.10-22 MnC2O4 5,0.10-6
Bi2S3 1,0.10-97 MnNH4PO4 1,0.10-12
BiOCl 7,0.10-9 Ni(C4H7O2N2)2 2,3.10-25
CaF2 4,0.10-11 Ni(OH)2 2,0.10-15
CaCO3 4,8.10-9 NiCO3 1,7.10-7
CaC2O4 2,6.10-9 NiS 1,0.10-24
CaSO4 9,1.10-6 NiC2O4 4,0.10-10
Ca3(PO4)2 2,0.10-29 PbS 2,5.10-27
Ca(OH)2 5,5.10-6 PbSO4 1,6.10-8
CaCrO4 7,1.10-4 PbI2 1,1.10-9
CaWO4 9,0.10-9 PbCrO4 1,8.10-14
CdCO3 1,0.10-12 PbS2O3 4,0.10-7
CdS 7,93.10-27 PbCO3 7,5.10-14
Cd(OH)2 2,2.10-14 PbCl2 1,6.10-5
CoCO3 1,0.10-10 Pb(OH)2 5,0.10-16
Co(OH)2 6,3.10-15 Sb2S3 1,0.10-30
Co(OH)3 4,0.10-45 Sb2O3 (Sb3+, 3 OH-) 4,0.10-42

9.

. .
Al3+ OH- K1-4=1,0.10-33 Fe3+ C2O42- K1-3=6,3.10-21
Be2+ OH- K1-4=1.10-15 Mn3+ C2O42- K1-3=3,9.10-20
Cd2+ OH- K1-4=3,8.10-9 Co2+ - K1-2=3,8.10-12
Co2+ OH- K1-3=3,0.10-20 Ni2+ - K1-2=1,8.10-12
Pb2+ OH- K1-3=1,0.10-29 Cu2+ - K1-2=2,0.10-21
Sb3+ OH- K1-4=1,0.10-38 Fe3+ - K1-3=5,4.10-37
Cr3+ OH- K1-4=1,0.10-30 Ca2+ - K1-2=9,8.10-10
Zn2+ OH- K1-4=3,6.10-16 Fe3+ - K1-2=1,4.10-12
Cu2+ OH- K1-4=6,6.10-57 Ca2+ - K1=2,1.10-5
Ag+ NH3 K1-2=5,9.10-8 Mg2+ - K1=1,1.10-4
Cd2+ NH3 K1-4=2,8.10-7 Cu2+ - K1=1,3.10-6
Co2+ NH3 K1-4=8,5.10-6 Hg2+ - K1=1,3.10-11
Co2+ NH3 K1-6=4,1.10-5 Al3+ 4-- K1=3,2.10-17
Co3+ NH3 K1-6=6,2.10-36 Ba2+ 4-- K1=1,7.10-8
Cu2+ NH3 K1-4=1,1.10-12 Bi3+ 4-- K1=4,0.10-28
Hg2+ NH3 K1-4=5,0.10-20 Ca2+ 4-- K1=2,6.10-11
Ni2+ NH3 K1-4=3,4.10-8 Cd2+ 4-- K1=3,5.10-17
Zn2+ NH3 K1-4=8,3.10-12 Co2+ 4-- K1=4,9.10-17
Bi3+ Br- K1-6=3,0.10-10 Co3+ 4-- K1=2,5.10-41
Hg2+ Br- K1-4=1,0.10-21 Cr3+ 4-- K1=4,0.10-21
Pt2+ Br- K1-4=3,2.10-21 Cu2+ 4-- K1=1,6.10-19
Bi3+ Cl- K1-6=3,8.10-7 Fe2+ 4-- K1=6,3.10-15
Pt2+ Cl- K1-4=1,0.10-16 Fe3+ 4-- K1=5,9.10-25
Bi3+ I- K1-6=7,98.10-20 Hg2+ 4-- K1=1,6.10-22
Hg2+ I- K1-4=1,5.10-30 Mg2+ 4-- K1=7,6.10-10
Pb2+ I- K1-4=1,2.10-4 Mn3+ 4-- K1=9,1.10-15
Ag+ CN- K1-2=1,4.10-20 Pb2+ 4-- K1=9,1.10-19
Au+ CN- K1-2=5,0.10-30 Tl+ 4-- K1=2,9.10-7
Cd2+ CN- K1-4=7,8.10-18 Tl3+ 4-- K1=1,6.10-38
Co2+ CN- K1-6=8,1.10-20 Zn2+ 4-- K1=5,5.10-17
Co3+ CN- K1-6=1,0.10-64 Mg2+ - K1-2=3,5.10-7
Cu2+ CN- K1-4=2,0.10-30 Ca2+ - K1=4,2.10-2
Fe2+ CN- K1-6=1,3.10-37 Mn2+ - K1=3,6.10-4
Fe3+ CN- K1-6=1,3.10-44 Fe2+ - K1-2=1,6.10-8
Ni2+ CN- K1-4=1,0.10-31 Co2+ - K1-2=5,6.10-10
Zn2+ CN- K1-4=2,4.10-20 Ni2+ - K1-2=2,7.10-11
Al3+ F- K1-6=2,1.10-21 Cu2+ - K1-2=2,6.10-16
Fe3+ F- K1-6=7,9.10-17 Zn2+ - K1-2=1,1.10-10
Ag+ SCN- K1-2=5,9.10-9 Mn2+ - K1=7,9.10-5
Bi3+ SCN- K1-6=5,9.10-5 Fe2+ - K1-2=1,7.10-12
Co2+ SCN- K1-3=1,6.10-2 Co2+ - K1-2=1,3.10-17
Cu2+ SCN- K1-3=3,0.10-7 Ni2+ - K1-2=5,0.10-20
Fe3+ SCN- K1-6=5,9.10-4 Zn2+ - K1-2=2,0.10-19
Ag+ NO2- K1-2=1,5.10-3 Mg2+ - K1=1,3.10-2
Cd2+ NO2- K1-3=1,5.10-4 Ca2+ - K1=8,9.10-3
Al3+ C2O42- K1-3=5,0.10-17 Fe2+ - K1=2,5.10-5
Cr3+ C2O42- K1-3=3,6.10-16 Cu2+ - K1-2=4,0.10-15

10.

200, /

: / K : / K
Ag+ . H2O/AgOH 1,02 . 10−12 HPO42−/PO43− 4,57 . 10−13
Al3+. H2O/AlOH2+ 9,55 . 10−6 H2PO4/HPO42− 6,17 . 10−8
B(OH)3. H2O/B4O72− 7,85 . 10−7 H3PO4/H2PO4 7,24 . 10−3
B(OH)3. H2O/[B(OH)4] 5,75 . 10−10 H(PH2O2)/PH2O2 7,94 . 10−2
Be2+. H2O/BeOH+ 2,00 . 10−6 H2(PHO3)/H(PHO3) 1,00 . 10−2
CH3COOH/CH3COO 1,74 . 10−5 HS/S2− 1,23 . 10−13
Cd2+. H2O/CdOH+ 2,40 . 10−8 H2S/HS 1,05 . 10−7
Co2+. H2O/CoOH+ 1,26 . 10−9 HSO3/SO32− 6,31 . 10−8
Cr3+ . H2O/CrOH2+ 1,12 . 10−4 HSe/Se2− 1,00 . 10−11
Cu2+ . H2O/CuOH+ 4,57 . 10−8 H2Se/HSe 1,55 . 10−4
Fe2+ . H2O/FeOH+ 1,82 . 10−7 HSeO3/SeO32− 4,79 . 10−9
Fe3+ . H2O/FeOH2+ 6,76 . 10−3 H2SeO3/HSeO3 2,45 . 10−3
HBrO/BrO 2,06 . 10−9 H4SiO4/H3SiO4 1,58 . 10−10
HBrO3/BrO3 2,00 . 10−1 HTe/Te2− 6,76 . 10−13
HCN/CN 4,93 . 10−10 H2Te/HTe 2,29 . 10−3
HCO3/CO32− 4,68 . 10−11 Hg2+ . H2O/HgOH+ 2,63 . 10−4
H2CO3/HCO3 4,27 . 10−7 Mg2+ . H2O/MgOH+ 3,80 . 10−12
H2C2O4/HC2O4 6,46 . 10−2 Mn2+. H2O/MnOH+ 2,57 . 10−11
HCOOH/HCOO 1,78 . 10−4 NH4+/NH3 . H2O 5,75 . 10−10
HClO/ClO 2,82 . 10−8 N2H5+/N2H4 . H2O 5,89 . 10−9
HClO2/ClO2 1,07 . 10−2 NH3OH+/NH2OH . H2O 9,35 . 10−7
HF/F 6,67 . 10−4 Ni2+ . H2O/NiOH+ 1,20 . 10−11
H2F2/HF2 2,63 . 10−3 Pb2+ . H2O/PbOH+ 7,08 . 10−7
HIO3/IO3 1,69 . 10−1 SO2 . H2O/HSO3 1,66 . 10−2
HN3/N3 1,90 . 10−5 Sn2+ . H2O/SnOH+ 7,94 . 10−3
HNO2/NO2 5,13 . 10−4 Zn2+ . H2O/ZnOH+ 2,04 . 10−8
H2O2/HO2 2,38 . 10−12    

11.

, ( *)

**

R

C OOH

-  
COOH - -
RSO3H SO3H - -

R

C OOM

 

- + -
COOM - + -
(R)2 CO--CO   - -

 

RCOOR'

C OOR'

- -
COOR' - R--

RCOl

C l   - -
COl   - -

 

RCONH2

C ONH2

- -
CONH2 - -

 

RC≡N

C ≡N

 

- -
C≡N - -

 

RCH=O

C H=O

- -
CH=O - -
RCOR' > C=O - -
R OH - -
Ar OH - -
RSH SH - -
RNH2 NH2 - -
RCH=NH =NH - -
R4N+X- >N+<   -- Rn--
RR'C=R''R''' > C= <   -  
RC≡CR' C≡C   -  
Rl l - -
ROR' O - R'--
RSR' S - R'--
RNO2 NO2 - -
RNO NO - -
RN=NR' N=N - - ( R'--)

* , .** .


. 1.


. 2.


. 3.

,


充. 3
1. . . . . ⅅ.. 9
1. . . . . . 9
2. 腅 21
3. . . . 28
4. . 셅 33
5. . . . - 充. 37
6. . s-. d-. -ⅅ 43
7. 1... 48
2. (, , ) 60
8. , . - 60
9. . 64
10. . 2 67
3. , х 72
11. . . 72
12. . 3 76
13. 充. 83
.. 95
셅..... 96
97




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