2
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, , , , . ֳ :
1. + , .
2. +, .
3. - , .
4. + , .
5. , .
6. , .
7. , .
8.
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2.1. R₊ : a, b R₊ a+b=a´b; a R₊ λ+P λ´a=a. R₊ ?
: ³, R₊. .
1. " , b R₊ a+b=b+a, a´b= b´a, .
2. " a, b, c R₊ (a+b)+c=a+(b+c), (a´b)´c=a´(b´c), .
3.$ R₊, a+o=a, a´o=a, , .
4. " a R₊, $ -a R₊, +(-)=, ´(-)=1. Û, = R₊.
5. (" a R₊) (" λ, m P): {(λ+m)´a=λa+ ma}, = .
6. (" a, b R₊) (" λ P): {λ´(a+b)=λa+ λb}, (a´b)=a´b
7. (" a R₊) (" λ, m ): { λ(ma)=(λm)a}, ()=
8. " R₊: 1´a=a, ¹=, .
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, R₊ .
: n- , , .
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₁, ₂, n L , , . ₁, ₂, n L . , ₁, ₂, n L , , .
₁, ₂, n. ₁, ₂, n .
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2. , .
3. .
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2.2. , .
. , , . , . . . , , , . , .