.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


. , , --




, " " , "" -- ( ). ?, , " " - , , , , , . (. ).

 

2) Ancient Greek philosophy arose in the 6th century BC and continued throughout the Hellenistic period and the period in which Ancient Greece was part of the Roman Empire. It dealt with a wide variety of subjects, including political philosophy, ethics, metaphysics, ontology, logic, biology, rhetoric, and aesthetics.

Many philosophers today concede that Greek philosophy has influenced much of Western culture since its inception. Alfred North Whitehead once noted: "The safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato."[1] Clear, unbroken lines of influence lead from ancient Greek and Hellenistic philosophers to Early Islamic philosophy, the European Renaissance and the Age of Enlightenment.[2]

Some claim that Greek philosophy, in turn, was influenced by the older wisdom literature and mythological cosmogonies of the ancient Near East. Martin Litchfield West gives qualified assent to this view, stating, "contact with oriental cosmology and theology helped to liberate the early Greek philosophers' imagination; it certainly gave them many suggestive ideas. But they taught themselves to reason. Philosophy as we understand it is a Greek creation."[3]

Subsequent philosophic tradition was so influenced by Socrates (as presented by Plato) that it is conventional to refer to philosophy developed prior to Socrates as pre-Socratic philosophy. The periods following this until the wars of Alexander the Great are those of "classical Greek" and "Hellenistic" philosophy. The convention of terming those philosophers who were active prior to Socrates the pre-Socratics gained currency with the 1903 publication of Hermann Diels' Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, although the term did not originate with him.[4] The term is considered philosophically useful because what came to be known as the "Athenian school" (composed of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle) signaled a profound shift in the subject matter and methods of philosophy; Friedrich Nietzsche's thesis that this shift began with Plato rather than with Socrates (hence his nomenclature of "pre-Platonic philosophy") has not prevented the predominance of the "pre-Socratic" distinction

1) , , , [1] .[2] , - . , , . , , - , , , . , , , , . . Euhemerus, , , mythographers . XIX , (. . ), " " ( ), ( ). , , , .

2) Russian religious philosophy - a special layer of Orthodox thought and spiritual culture of Russia XIX - XX centuries, which is characterized by a free philosophising on religious themes.A key role in the formation of the current development of ideas played VSSoloveva.He, in turn, developed the idea sophiology and founded a philosophical current, as metaphysics of unity.VS Solovyov said about the special contribution that Russia should do for the development of civilization.

PA Florensky was one of the most interesting thinkers, whose name is linked to a religious philosophy in Russia.In many respects, his views differed from the views of Soloviev.He developed his own doctrine of Sophia (which refers to the "ideal personality of the world") on the basis of Orthodox thought.Philosopher sought to combine scientific and religious ideas, emphasizing, thus "twin-track" the truth.

philosophy of unity continued Bulgakov.Moving from Marxism to idealism, he developed the concept of "Christian socialism".He ontinued to develop the doctrine of Sophia as "the principle of creative energies in Unity", distinguishing its divine and earthly nature, so that spoke about the duality of the world.The story is the overcoming of evil, which is associated with the possibility of a world-historical catastrophe.

Russian idea in philosophy most clearly manifested in the main original philosophical currents in Russia - the philosophy of unity.Her ideas were developed and Karsavin, whose work they have turned to the philosophy of identity.The purpose of the person he believed aspiration to God and the communion of the divine being, which refers to "litsetvorenie" (becoming true identity).

1) , . "", , , - . , . . , . - . : , . - , , , . , - , , , . - , . , , . - . , , .

2) the existentialism in the mouth of Sartre's philosophy of social responsibility, hence the requirements for them to art, associated with the study of the possibilities of active influence of the latter. Reflections on the limits of human freedom lead philosopher to the pessimistic conclusion that to meet and live with two freedoms are not. This is known as the fragmentation of people in the world due to the fact that every person seeks to look at another as an object. Sartre cites a basic example with a loving person who is always looking for that freedom of the beloved would be no freedom, and its voluntary prisoner. Similarly, the believes and the other loving partner. Every person, when faced with the intention of another person, sees it as the boundary of their freedom.In aesthetic theory, Sartre shows himself a connoisseur of art, who are interested discussing classic and contemporary art theory. "The cry of pain is a sign it gave rise to the pain. But the song of suffering and suffering itself, and something more than suffering"; hence the art reality is conceived as a reality that more than myself. However, Sartre argued that the operation of the imagination is always in the background of the world and that "stuck" in the imaginary leads to the extinction of consciousness, its death. Man, enriched by the experience of operating by imagination, needs to get out of this state for the action. In the act of speaking, the artist reveals the situation is due to the existence of the project aimed at changing it.

1 , . - , , . , , , , , , (: " udfj-39546284 ?"), , , . , , , , , ( ) - . , , , [1][2] , (), - "".[3] , , , , ( ). .)

2) Friedrich Nietzsche developed his philosophy during the late 19th century. He owed the awakening of his philosophical interest to reading Arthur Schopenhauer's Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung (The World as Will and Representation, 1819, revised 1844) and admitted that Schopenhauer was one of the few thinkers that he respected, dedicating to him his essay Schopenhauer als Erzieher (Schopenhauer as Educator), published in 1874 as one of his Untimely Meditations.

Since the dawn of the 20th century, the philosophy of Nietzsche has had great intellectual and political influence around the world. Nietzsche applied himself to such topics as morality, religion, epistemology, psychology, ontology, and social criticism. Because of Nietzsche's evocative style and his often outrageous claims, his philosophy generates passionate reactions running from love to disgust. Nietzsche noted in his autobiographical Ecce Homo that his philosophy developed over time, so interpreters have found it difficult to relate concepts central to one work to those central to another, for example, the thought of the eternal recurrence features heavily in Also sprach Zarathustra (Thus Spoke Zarathustra), but is almost entirely absent from his next book, Beyond Good and Evil. Added to this challenge is the fact that Nietzsche did not seem concerned to develop his thought into a system, even going so far as to disparage the attempt in Beyond Good and Evil.

Common themes in his thought can, however, be identified and discussed. His earliest work emphasized the opposition of Apollonian and Dionysian impulses in art, and the figure of Dionysus continued to play a role in his subsequent thought. Other major currents include the will to power, the claim that God is dead, the distinction between master and slave moralities, and radical perspectivism. Other concepts appear rarely, or are confined to one or two major works, yet are considered centerpieces of Nietzschean philosophy, such as the Übermensch and the thought of eternal recurrence. His later works involved a sustained attack on Christianity and Christian morality, and he seemed to be working toward what he called the transvaluation of all values (Umwertung aller Werte). While Nietzsche is often associated in the public mind with fatalism and nihilism, Nietzsche himself viewed his project as the attempt to overcome the pessimism of Arthur Schopenhauer.

 

1) - XIX . . . - . , . , . , , - .

- . - . , , . - "", "" "", "". , . . - , , , . , , .

2) Arthur Schopenhauer has been dubbed the artists philosopher on account of the inspiration his aesthetics has provided to artists of all stripes. He is also known as the philosopher of pessimism, as he articulated a worldview that challenges the value of existence. His elegant and muscular prose earn him a reputation as one the greatest German stylists. Although he never achieved the fame of such post-Kantian philosophers as Johann Gottlieb Fichte and G.W.F. Hegel in his lifetime, his thought informed the work of such luminaries as Sigmund Freud, Ludwig Wittgenstein and, most famously, Friedrich Nietzsche. He is also known as the first German philosopher to incorporate Eastern thought into his writings.

Schopenhauers thought is iconoclastic for a number of reasons. Although he considered himself Kants only true philosophical heir, he argued that the world was essentially irrational. Writing in the era of German Romanticism, he developed an aesthetics that was classicist in its emphasis on the eternal. When German philosophers were entrenched in the universities and immersed in the theological concerns of the time, Schopenhauer was an atheist who stayed outside the academic profession.

Schopenhauers lack of recognition during most of his lifetime may have been due to the iconoclasm of his thought, but it was probably also partly due to his irascible and stubborn temperament. The diatribes against Hegel and Fichte peppered throughout his works provide evidence of his state of mind. Regardless of the reason Schopenhauers philosophy was overlooked for so long, he fully deserves the prestige he enjoyed altogether too late in his life.

 

1) , , elenchus, elenctic, - , , . , , ; , , . Theaetetus (), , , , . - , , . , , . - , , , , - , ( ) , . , .

2) The philosophy of Ludwig Feuerbach (1804 1872) is considered the final stage of NKF, prominent representatives of which was Kant, Hegel, Schelling and Fichte, and the beginning of a materialistic era in German and world philosophy. The main focus of the philosophy of Feuerbach critique of German classical idealism and justification of materialism. Materialism as the direction of philosophy arose long before Feuerbach (Ancient Greece Democritus and Epicurus; England of modern times, bacon, Locke; France - the enlightenment-materialistic), but these materialist school of philosophy was primarily domestic phenomenon of his time, and was characterized by inconsistency and contradictions, were under the strong influence of theology, looking for a compromise of materialistic ideas and the existence of God (a form of such a compromise was, in particular, deism). The philosophy of Ludwig Feuerbach was the first time deeply consistent materialism, the main features of which were a complete break with the religion (atheism) and liberation from centuries of religious influence; an attempt to explain God and religion from a materialistic point of view, based on human nature; a materialistic, taking into account the latest achievements of science explanation of the problems of the world and of man; of great interest to socio-political issues; the belief in the knowability of the world. The philosophy of Feuerbach has become a watershed in the NKF and the German materialism of the nineteenth century, the forerunner of Marxism. Formed under the strong influence of the philosophy of Feuerbach Marxist philosophy (Marx, Engels) went beyond national borders and become a global philosophy, especially popular in the middle and the end of the XIX - first half XX centuries In a number of countries followed the Communist path of development (USSR, China, Eastern Europe, some s of the country of Asia and Africa), materialist philosophy (grew up on the basis of the philosophy of Feuerbach, Marx, Engels, etc.) has become the official and obligatory.

1) (. διαλεκτική, dialektikḗ), , - , , , . . , , . , , . , , . - , , , .[1] , "" , "" , "" , , .[2] , , : , . ( , ), , . , , aretē, , , , , . , , .[3] Indosphere ( ) (). , , , , , , , -.

2) Georg W. Hegel, considered one of most renowned systematic thinkers of the eighteenth century, led the development of historical idealism and influenced many areas of modern philosophy.His principal political work, the Philosophy of Right, explores the idea of individuality within the modern state, and the role of the state in protecting the rights and freedoms of individuals. Hegel constructed a system of structured interdependence between the different elements that compose the state, with the individual having a place within that. It will be argued that paragraph 278 is limited in the extent to which it represents the relationship between the individual and the state. This section is only one aspect of Hegel's historical jurisprudence that deals with the constitutional aspect of the state, and the idea that sovereignty is based on the interdependence between the different elements of the state and the individual. Despite the considerable criticisms, misconceptions and abuses his theories have undergone, Hegel continues to occupy a prominent position in the pedigree of the historicisation of jurisprudential thought. This discourse shall be prefaced by surveying the historical context of Hegel's lifetime, followed by a cursory overview of the Philosophy of right, accounting for paragraph 278 within the totality of his work. Finally, Hegel's impact on jurisprudence will be considered in light of some of the criticisms and interpretations of his master work. Hegel's lifetime reveals an historical ambience fraught with political and social upheaval, with emerging philosophies forging new approaches to jurisprudential thought. Born in Stuttgart in 1770, Hegel eventually reached the pinnacle of German academics when he was appointed chair of philosophy at the University of Berlin in 1818. Hegel was primarily influenced by Immanuel Kant, and is considered to be one of the most systematic of the post-Kantian idealists. Hegel was also influenced by Rousseau and Montesquieu, while he greatly admired Plato and Aristotle and their approaches to the role of the modern state. Hegel's lifetime was characterized by the development of the study of the relationship between law and history spawned by the Age of Enlightenment. This was marked by a departure from natural law approaches and absolutes, while customs and traditions came under scrutiny. Philosophy and science increased in prominence, reason became the central source for legitimacy and authority, sparked by new liberal ideas. This paradigm shift culminated in the French Revolution in 1789, and motivated the America War of Independence in 1775..

1 , . - , , . , , , , , , (: " udfj-39546284 ?"), , , . , , , , , ( ) - . , , , [1][2] , (), - "".[3] , , , , ( ). .)

2) Immanuel Kant (17241804) argued that the supreme principle of morality is a standard of rationality that he dubbed the Categorical Imperative (CI). Kant characterized the CI as an objective, rationally necessary and unconditional principle that we must always follow despite any natural desires or inclinations we may have to the contrary. All specific moral requirements, according to Kant, are justified by this principle, which means that all immoral actions are irrational because they violate the CI. Other philosophers, such as Hobbes, Locke and Aquinas, had also argued that moral requirements are based on standards of rationality. However, these standards were either instrumental principles of rationality for satisfying ones desires, as in Hobbes, or external rational principles that are discoverable by reason, as in Locke and Aquinas. Kant agreed with many of his predecessors that an analysis of practical reason reveals the requirement that rational agents must conform to instrumental principles. Yet he also argued that conformity to the CI (a non-instrumental principle), and hence to moral requirements themselves, can nevertheless be shown to be essential to rational agency. This argument was based on his striking doctrine that a rational will must be regarded as autonomous, or free, in the sense of being the author of the law that binds it. The fundamental principle of morality the CI is none other than the law of an autonomous will. Thus, at the heart of Kants moral philosophy is a conception of reason whose reach in practical affairs goes well beyond that of a Humean slave to the passions. Moreover, it is the presence of this self-governing reason in each person that Kant thought offered decisive grounds for viewing each as possessed of equal worth and deserving of equal respect.

1) 1) , . "", , , - . , . . , . - . : , . - , , , . , - , , , . - , . , , . - . , , .

2) The Rationalism Of Descartes

Philosopher Rene Descartes (1596-1650) was one of the originators of the rationalist tradition. Descartes was educated at the Jesuit College of La flèche. He soon began to doubt the value of book learning, because, in his opinion, many of the Sciences, there is no reliable basis. Leaving the book, he began to travel. Though Descartes was a Catholic, but at one time he participated on the side of the Protestants in the Thirty years war. At the age of 23 during their stay in winter quarters in Germany, he formulated the basic ideas of his method. Ten years later, he moved to Holland to peace and quiet to do research. In 1649 he went to Stockholm to Queen Christina. Swedish winter proved too harsh for him, he fell ill and died in February 1650. His major works include "Discourse on method" (1637) and "Metaphysical meditations" (1647), "the Beginning of philosophy", "Rules for the management of the mind." According to Descartes, the differences in philosophy exist on any issue. The only really reliable method is a mathematical deduction. So Descartes as a scientific ideal of considering mathematics. This ideal was the determining factor of the Cartesian philosophy. Descartes is the founder of rationalism (from ratio mind) is a philosophical movement, whose members are the main source of knowledge believed the mind. Rationalism is opposed to empiricism.

1) . , . . , , , , . , : , , , , . knowledgedefining , . , . - . , , , , . . , , , . , . .

2) The designation " Renaissance philosophy " is used by scholars of intellectual history to refer to the thought of the period running in Europe roughly between 1355 and 1650 (the dates shift forward for central and northern Europe and for areas such as Spanish America, India, Japan, and China under European influence). It therefore overlaps both with late medieval philosophy, which in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries was influenced by notable figures such as Albert the Great, Thomas Aquinas, William of Ockham, and Marsilius of Padua, and early modern philosophy, which conventionally starts with René Descartes and his publication of the Discourse on Method in 1637. Philosophers usually divide the period less finely, jumping from medieval to early modern philosophy, on the assumption that no radical shifts in perspective took place in the centuries immediately before Descartes. Intellectual historians, however, take into considerations factors such as sources, approaches, audience, language, and literary genres in addition to ideas. This article reviews both the changes in context and content of Renaissance philosophy and its remarkable continuities with the past.

1) (. διαλεκτική, dialektikḗ), , - , , , . . , , . , , . , , . - , , , .[1] , "" , "" , "" , , .[2] , , : , . ( , ), , . , , aretē, , , , , . , , .[3] Indosphere ( ) (). , , , , , , , -.

2) Medieval philosophy is the philosophy in the era now known as medieval or the Middle Ages, the period roughly extending from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century C.E. to the Renaissance in the 16th century. Medieval philosophy, understood as a project of independent philosophical inquiry, began in Baghdad, in the middle of the 8th century, and in France, in the itinerant court of Charlemagne, in the last quarter of the 8th century.[1] It is defined partly by the process of rediscovering the ancient culture developed in Greece and Rome in the classical period, and partly by the need to address theological problems and to integrate sacred doctrine with secular learning.

The history of medieval philosophy is traditionally divided into two main periods: the period in the Latin West following the Early Middle Ages until the 12th century, when the works of Aristotle and Plato were preserved and cultivated and the 'golden age' of the 12th, 13th and 14th centuries in the Latin West, which witnessed the culmination of the recovery of ancient philosophy, along with a reception of its Arabic commentators, and significant developments in the field of Philosophy of religion, Logic and Metaphysics.

The medieval era was disparagingly treated by the Renaissance.humanists, who saw it as a barbaric 'middle' period between the classical age of Greek and Roman culture, and the 'rebirth' or renaissance of classical culture. Modern historians consider the medieval era to be one of philosophical development, heavily influenced by Christian theology. One of the most notable thinkers of the era, Thomas Aquinas, never considered himself a philosopher, and criticized philosophers for always "falling short of the true and proper wisdom to be found in Christian revelation".[2]

The problems discussed throughout this period are the relation of faith to reason, the existence and simplicity of God, the purpose of theology and metaphysics, and the problems of knowledge, of universals, and of individuatio.

 

1) - , . , . , - , . . . ? , , . . , , , : ; ; . . , . , , , , . , .

2) Medieval philosophy is the philosophy in the era now known as medieval or the Middle Ages, the period roughly extending from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century C.E. to the Renaissance in the 16th century. Medieval philosophy, understood as a project of independent philosophical inquiry, began in Baghdad, in the middle of the 8th century, and in France, in the itinerant court of Charlemagne, in the last quarter of the 8th century.[1] It is defined partly by the process of rediscovering the ancient culture developed in Greece and Rome in the classical period, and partly by the need to address theological problems and to integrate sacred doctrine with secular learning.

The history of medieval philosophy is traditionally divided into two main periods: the period in the Latin West following the Early Middle Ages until the 12th century, when the works of Aristotle and Plato were preserved and cultivated and the 'golden age' of the 12th, 13th and 14th centuries in the Latin West, which witnessed the culmination of the recovery of ancient philosophy, along with a reception of its Arabic commentators, and significant developments in the field of Philosophy of religion, Logic and Metaphysics.

The medieval era was disparagingly treated by the Renaissance.humanists, who saw it as a barbaric 'middle' period between the classical age of Greek and Roman culture, and the 'rebirth' or renaissance of classical culture. Modern historians consider the medieval era to be one of philosophical development, heavily influenced by Christian theology. One of the most notable thinkers of the era, Thomas Aquinas, never considered himself a philosopher, and criticized philosophers for always "falling short of the true and proper wisdom to be found in Christian revelation".[2]

The problems discussed throughout this period are the relation of faith to reason, the existence and simplicity of God, the purpose of theology and metaphysics, and the problems of knowledge, of universals, and of individuation

 

1) . - , , , . , , . , - , , , , . ( , , . .). , , . , , (, , ) . , , , , , , , , . ., , , (, , , , , , , ). , - , , , . , . , , . . , . - . , .

2). Ancient India has No ancient culture, but Greece was more fertile in philosophy than in India. While Parmenides, Democritus, Socrates, Plato and Aristotle was laying the foundations of Western philosophy in Greece, India genius produced the treatises on linguistics, mathematics, logic, astronomy, philosophy and medicine. Unfortunately, it is impossible to write the history of Indian philosophy how to write a history of Western philosophy. In Western philosophy, especially of individuals, as we know, put forward certain views, and the historian can organize every philosopher chronologically and comment on how each thinker responded to their predecessors and how they influenced subsequent philosophers. But ancient Indian philosophy is represented in the mass texts for which the authors and dates of composition are mostly unknown. Chief among these texts are the Vedas, written from maybe 1500-1000 BC in the oldest religious texts in the world. They consist mainly of praise to the gods of nature and the instructions of the ritual, and represent primitive pre-theism. Recent work among the Vedas, the Upanishads were written after 700 BC and more philosophical. These Indian Scriptures very poorly laid the basis for most philosophical schools of India. Therefore, early Indian philosophy is much thickened to us than at the beginning of Western philosophy. What, then, should be our strategy? We will consider each of the major schools of ancient Indian philosophy, and we don't argue about who influenced whom or when certain events happened. The Indians distinguish two classes of Indian philosophy: astika and nastika. Systems of astika respect the Vedas to some extent. They are: Sankhya, Yoga, Vedanta, Mimamsa, Nyaya and Vaisheshika. System nastika rejects the Vedic idea. They Are: Jainism, Buddhism And Lokayata. Although the forms of most of these schools still exist today, I will write about them in the past tense to refer to their ancient forms. In the West, philosophical schools, as a rule, rise and fall, one after the other. But in India all these systems fought for like-minded people next to each other for centuries. Each system (or darshana, literally beautiful view) was eventually developed Sutra: aphoristic summaries of their positions, along with quick answers to common objections, and brief attacks on other systems. But the systems are preceded by their sutras, probably many centuries

1) . , . . , , , , . , : , , , , . knowledgedefining , . , . - . , , , , . . , , , . , . .

2) Chinese philosophy originates in the Spring and Autumn period and Warring States period, during a period known as the "Hundred Schools of Thought",[1] which was characterized by significant intellectual and cultural developments.[1] Although much of Chinese philosophy begins in the Warring States period, elements of Chinese philosophy have existed for several thousand years; some can be found in the Yi Jing (the Book of Changes), an ancient compendium of divination, which dates back to at least 672 BCE.[2] It was during the Warring States era that what Sima Tan termed the major philosophical schools of China, Confucianism, Legalism, and Daoism, arose, along with philosophies that later fell into obscurity, like Agriculturalism, Mohism, Chinese Naturalism, and the Logicians.

23- 1) , . . - "" , , , . . - , , , .[1] , , , , - , , , . , , . - "", , Cieszkowski, . , , , ; . . , .

2) Plato was born in Athens in c. 427 B.C.E. Until his mid-twenties, Athens was involved in a long and disastrous military conflict with Sparta, known as the Peloponnesian War. Coming from a distinguished family - on his fathers side descending from Codrus, one of the early kings of Athens, and on his mothers side from Solon, the prominent reformer of the Athenian constitution - he was naturally destined to take an active role in political life. But this never happened. Although cherishing the hope of assuming a significant place in his political community, he found himself continually thwarted. As he relates in his autobiographical Seventh Letter, he could not identify himself with any of the contending political parties or the succession of corrupt regimes, each of which brought Athens to further decline (324b-326a). He was a pupil of Socrates, whom he considered the most just man of his time, and who, although did not leave any writings behind, exerted a large influence on philosophy. It was Socrates who, in Ciceros words, called down philosophy from the skies. The pre-Socratic philosophers were mostly interested in cosmology and ontology; Socrates concerns, in contrast, were almost exclusively moral and political issues. In 399 when a democratic court voted by a large majority of its five hundred and one jurors for Socrates execution on an unjust charge of impiety, Plato came to the conclusion that all existing governments were bad and almost beyond redemption. The human race will have no respite from evils until those who are really philosophers acquire political power or until, through some divine dispensation, those who rule and have political authority in the cities become real philosophers (326a-326b)

24- 1) ( . φιλοσοφία, . philosophia, " "[1][2][3][4]) , , , , , .[5][6] , , (. 570 . 495 . . .). , , .[7][8] : - ?[9][10][11] ? , : ? ( )?[12] ?[13] , "" .[14] 19- , " " , .[15] , 1687 . 19- , .[16][17] , , , , , . , , , . , ?[18][19] ?[20] , ?[21][22][23] (" "),[24] ( " []... " [25]), , , , , . 20 , , , . , , , , , , .

2) Buddhist philosophy refers to the philosophical investigations and systems of inquiry that developed among various Buddhist schools in India following the death of the Buddha and later spread throughout Asia. Buddhism's main concern has always been freedom from dukkha (unease),[1] and the path to that ultimate freedom consists in ethical action (karma), meditation and in direct insight (prajña) into the nature of "things as they truly are" (yathābhūtaṃ viditvā). Indian Buddhists sought this understanding not just from the revealed teachings of the Buddha, but through philosophical analysis and rational deliberation.[2] Buddhist thinkers in India and subsequently in East Asia have covered topics as varied as phenomenology, ethics, ontology, epistemology, logic and philosophy of time in their analysis of this path.Early Buddhism was based on empirical evidence gained by the sense organs (ayatana)[3] and the Buddha seems to have retained a skeptical distance from certain metaphysical questions, refusing to answer them because they were not conducive to liberation but led instead to further speculation. A recurrent theme in Buddhist philosophy has been the reification of concepts, and the subsequent return to the Buddhist Middle Way.[4][5] Particular points of Buddhist philosophy have often been the subject of disputes between different schools of Buddhism. These elaborations and disputes gave rise to various schools in early Buddhism of Abhidharma, and to the Mahayana traditions and schools of the prajnaparamita, Madhyamaka, Buddha-nature and Yogacara.


 

 





:


: 2017-03-12; !; : 343 |


:

:

, , .
==> ...

1741 - | 1640 -


© 2015-2024 lektsii.org - -

: 0.081 .