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2) Existentialism Camus is based on the despair that is caused not by the thought of the abominations of human life and (like Sartre), and thought about the greatness of the person, unable to find a connection with the indifferent (but beautiful!) world.

The young Camus belongs to a controversial thesis: "I Want to be a philosopher, write a novel." He wanted, like Sartre, to turn artistic creativity into a testing ground for philosophical experiments. They are based originally on the concept of the absurd.

"The absurd, considered until now as a conclusion, taken in this essay as a starting point," he writes in the Preface to "the Myth of Sisyphus" (1941), which is characterized primarily by its "absurd" maximalism.

The absurdity arises from the contradiction between "serious" and purposeful nature of human activity and the feeling of zero value the end result (death of the individual; moreover, it is highly probable the destruction of all humankind). This contradiction with a sober review seems a mockery of a man, and as the response comes the thought of suicide. That's why Camus begins the essay with the words: "There is only one really serious philosophical problem: suicide."

Raises a legitimate question: how to combine a proactive stance Camus a supporter of social justice with the position of Camus, the ideologist of absurdism? That's the whole point, that they are incompatible, and that's what tortured Camus, tore him to pieces. Social injustice from the point of view of absurdism was a minor problem, but it is equally unimportant issue were, in turn, absurd from the point of view of abject poverty, hunger and social humiliation.

This provision has already been noted by Russian existentialists (rather they can be called forerunners of existentialism) the beginning of the century.

However Camus-absurdist worried about the idea that traditional moral values are under attack. Their abolition, according to Camus, is inevitable, but it is not stated with joy, and with a bitter feeling. Absurd "does not recommend crime, it would have been naïve, but he discovers the futility of remorse. In addition, if all ways are indifferent, the way debt is as legitimate as any other. You can be virtuous by Caprice".

 

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2) The purpose of the study is to analyze the influence of Shakarim a follower of Abai on Kazakh philosophy, his worldview and opinion of existential issues. The specifics of the problem under consideration required taking a synthetic approach to the use of various methods in this research. A synthesis of dialectical, metaphysical, rational, intuitive, analytical, phenomenological, historical, and logical methods showed the sources and the dynamic of formation and development of the Kazakh philosophical thought. The novelty of this study is that the main philosophical existential issues are investigated from the perspective of Eastern nomadic philosophy. The originality of the research lies in the fact that the Kazakh philosophical tradition is continuous, discrete, mosaic, autonomous, and original ad initium as a result. Dating back centuries, it returns to us in the form of texts carved in stone and preserved in the unique system of oral storage of information. It is appropriate to develop the national philosophical idea as an original system, like in the times of Shakarim. The national tradition of each culture is of great international interest. This study presents a concept of a harmonious individual according to Shakarim and substantiates the importance of developing national philosophy as an equal member of international dialog.

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2) F. M. Dostoevsky studied philosophy, did not write philosophical treatises, and did not claim to be a philosopher. Contemporaries of the writer did not consider his works from a philosophical point of view. At present, however, as he wrote the American scholar James Scanlan, "even the most severe critic must admit that Dostoevsky, for all its remoteness from academic philosophy was one of the most philosophical writers. Dostoevsky did not become the Creator of your own complete philosophical system from the point of view of the formal approach of Western (German) ideas about philosophy. This writer had neither the special education nor the desire, because the main life career chose literature. However, the artwork and journalism of the writer are the basic philosophical ideas that became the Foundation of Russian classical philosophy took shape in the 2nd half of the XIX century. Russian philosopher Μ. Α. Maslin wrote: "the world of Dostoyevsky is a philosophical existential type, the philosophy of human existence".

All Dostoevsky's works were addressed to the present, and the attention of the writer throughout his life was focused on the major public issues of his era. The contemporary reality was viewed by Dostoevsky as a critical period in the life of Russia and Europe. On the one hand, summed up, and on the other, it was a prologue for a new era of cultural and social development. While the main thrust of his era, Dostoyevsky was "the degeneration of human society in the most perfect", in search of ways of formation of human society, based on justice and brotherhood[7].

Works by F. M. Dostoevsky contain the quintessence of the Russian national identity. Philosophical ideas permeated "Notes from underground" and the novels "the great of the Pentateuch", where the writer outlined his religious philosophy, Christian anthropology and ethics[6]. Dostoevsky introduced the concept of "Russian idea"[8], one of the main pillars of domestic philosophizing. For the first time the writer used this concept in a letter to A. N. Micova 18 January 1856: "I am talking about patriotism, the Russian idea, about the sense of duty, national honor, all the stuff You with so much enthusiasm, saying,"[9]. According To O. I. Syromyatnikov Russian idea was the most important theme in Dostoevsky's work[10]. Russian philosopher A.V. Guliga wrote: "the Russian idea Dostoevsky is embodied in a Patriotic uniform, the concept of universal morality".

 

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