- | - | m | ||||
- (2 l + 1) | n2 | - 2(2 l + 1) | 2 n2 | |||
K (n = 1) | s (l = 0) | |||||
L (n = 2) | s (l = 0) p (l = 1) | -1; 0; +1 | ||||
M (n = 3) | s (l = 0) p (l = 1) d (l = 2) | -1; 0; +1 -2; -1; 0 +1; +2 | ||||
N (n = 4) | s (l = 0) p (l = 1) d (l = 2) f (l = 3) | -1; 0; +1 -2; -1; 0 +1; +2 -3; -2; -1; 0; +1; +2; +3 |
. 1 s-, p- d- ()
2. 16 22. () .
. , ( ). l Z, , l ( s, p, d, f) z (). , , +l ( ). :
1s 2s 2 3s 4s 3d 4 5s 4d 5p 6s (5d1) 4f 5d 6 7s (6d1-2) 5f 6d 7p
.. , 16 () 22 ()
16 S 1s22s22p63s23p4 ; 22 Ti 1s22s22p63s23p63d24s2.
() , ().
, , .
. , ( ):
16 S | s | ssss | ||||||||
n = 1 | ↑↓ | p | ||||||||
n = 2 | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | d | |||||
n = 3 | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑ | ↑ |
1s22s22p63s23p4
22Ti | s | 1s22s22p63s23p63d24s2. | |||||||||||||||
n = 1 | ↑↓ | p | |||||||||||||||
n = 2 | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | d | ||||||||||||
n = 3 | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑ | ↑ | f | ||||||||||
n = 4 | ↑↓ | ||||||||||||||||
. 101- (256) a- (253). .
|
|
. . . .
, . , (, ) (, ) .
Es + He = Md + n.
. 253Es (a, n) 256Md. , , . 42He; 11H; 21D; 10n α, , d, .
4.
(. 2), .
. . . 2.
2.
27Al(p,a) 24Mg | Al + H = Mg + He |
9Be(a,n) 12C | Be + He = C + n |
59Co(n,a) 56Mn | Co + n = Mn + He |
14N(n,p) 14C | N + n = C + H |
32S(d,a) 30P | S + D = P + He |
21. 9 28. . ?
22. 16 26. . ?
23. s-, -, d- f- ? ? 31.
24. 25 34. ?
25. : 4s 3d; 5s 4? ? 21.
26. -57 α - -54. .
27. : 4d 5s; 6s 57 ? 43.
|
|
28. ? ,
? ? ?
29. -30 α - -27. .
30. 14 40. d- ?
31. -11 -14. .
32. 15 28. p- d- ?
33. 21 23. d - ?
34. m1 l = 0, 1, 2 3? s, p-, d- f- ? .
35. , l, m1 ms, ? ?
36. , , :
) 1s22s22p53s1 ) Is22s22p6; ) 1s22s22p63s23p63d4; ) 1s22s22p63s23p64s2;
) Is22s22p63s23d2? ?
?
37. c 24 33, ,
4s- d-.
d- - ?
38.
:
= 4; l = 0; l = 0; ms= 1/2. , 3d- .
39. ? - 7- d 12-? ? 22 .
40. 32 42, , 5s- 4d -. ?