, , - .
We live in St.Petersburg. The Earth rotates round its axis. I leave home at 8 every day.
Present Indefinite no ( to) , 3- . ., -s (-es).
| I | play | I | do not play | Do I play? |
| He She it | plays | He She it | does not play | Does he (she, it) play? |
| we you they | play | we you they | do not play | Do we (you, they) play? |
do not = don't; does not = doesn't
to be to have Present Indefinite.
| to be | to have | |||
| I He, she, it We, you, they | am is are | I, we, you, they He, she, it | have has | |
The Present Continuous Tense
(Present Continuous) , ; , ; , .
He is watching TV now.
The Earth is moving.
They are spending next winter in Spain.
Continuous. (to see, to hear), (to know, to believe, to remember, to understand); , (to want, to wish, to like, to love, to dislike, to hate).
(Present Continuous) to be Present Indefinite -ing .
| I He, she, it We, you, they | am working is working are working | I He, she, it We, you, they | am not working is not working are not working | Am I working? Is he (she, it) working? Are we (you, they) working? |
I am = I'm; He is = He's; We are = We're; is not = isn't are not = aren't
The Past Indefinite (Simple) Tense
, ; ; .
Past Indefinite -ed . Past Indefinite II , (. ).
We went to the cinema yesterday. He arrived in London last year.
She came up to the window and opened it.
| I He, she, we, you, they | worked (wrote) | I did not | work (write) | Did I | work (write)? |
did not = didn't
The Past Continuous Tense
(Past Continuous) , , , . , . , .
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| I was writing a letter to my friend | at 5 o'clock yesterday. from 5 to 6 on Sunday. when my brother came. while my mother was cooking dinner. |
(Past Continuous) to be Past Indefinite -ing .
| I, he, she, it We, you, they | was writing were writing | was not writing were not writing | Was I (he, she, it) writing? Were we (you, they) writing? |
was not = wasn't; were not = weren't
The Present Perfect Tense
1. , . , .
She has read this book. . ( .)
Present Perfect just - , already - , yet - , lately - , of late - , recently - .
The mail has just come. .
He has seen many films lately. .
2. , , , , today - , this week - , this month - , this century - .
I have written a letter this morning. .
3. , .
I have known him all my life. .
I have known him for 2 years. 2 .
He has not seen his parents since January. .
4. Present Perfect always - , often - , seldom - , ever - -, never - .
She has never been to London. .
Have you ever been to Moscow? - ?
Present Perfect to have Present Indefinite Participle II ( II) .
| I, we, you, they He, she, it | have seen has seen | I, we, you, they He, she, it | have not seen has not seen | Have I (we, you, they) seen? Has he (she, it) seen? |
I have = I've; He has = He's; I have not = I haven't; He has not = He hasn't
The Past Perfect Tense
Past Perfect , .
| He had finished his work | when I came. by 3 o'clock yesterday. before she arrived home. |
| ( ) | . 3- . , . |
They went home after they had finished their work. , .
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Past Perfect to have Past Indefinite Participle II ( II) .
| I had worked | I had not worked | Had I worked ? |
I had = I'd; I had not = I hadn't
Comparisons of Adjectives.
: (comparative degree) (superlative degree). (positive degree).
( , ) er: smart () smart er (), thin () thinn er ().
, -y, -w, -ly, er er: clever () clever er (), narrow () narrow er (), funny () funni er ().
( -ing, -ed, -ful, -less), , , more: striking () more striking ( ), amazing () more amazing ( ).
than:
This book is more amazing than the previous one. , .
, , -y, -w, -ly, er, est. , the: thin the thinn est (), lovely () the loveli est ( ).
, , , the most: famous () the most famous ( ), expensive () the most expensive ( ).
, very , much :
It is a very nice song. This song is much nicer than the one from the first album. . , .
Spelling. . , -er/est. :
- (: steady ), -er/est, -- , -i- (steady stead i er the stead i est)
-e (: pale ), -er/est, -e- (pale pal er the pal est)
( , , : s li m ), -er/est, (slim sli mm er the sli mm est).
Irregular forms. :
good (/) better () best (/ )
bad (/) worse () worst (/ )
far () farther ( ) farthest ( )
much (/) more () most ( )
many () more () most ()
little () less () least (/ )
Plural of Nouns
. ( ), . , . : a dog dogs, a tree trees.
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, . . : milk, bread.
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1. s :
:
spoon - spoons
carrot - carrots
boy - boys
girl - girls
book - books
flower - flowers
s .
2. , , s, ss, sh, ch, x, .. , o, es:
:
class - classes
boss - bosses
fox - foxes
torch - torches
kiss - kisses
crash - crashes
tomato - tomatoes
fax - faxes
! , radio, piano, photo, video s, es. : radios, pianos, photos, videos.
. , , .
3. , y = . + y s .
y ie, s, .. . + y → . + ie + s.
:
city cities granny grannies
lady ladies fairy fairies
lily lilies baby babies
cry cries story stories
berry berries fly flies
y, s . : (a, e, i, o, u) + y → + y + s.
:
boy boys valley valleys day days
toy toys monkey monkeys bay bays
tray trays way ways sofa sofas
play plays
s -/ , /. , . !
| [z] | [s] | [iz] s , [sh, ch, x, s, ss], , [dd] |
| Bags, ladies, ribbons, birds, cards | Maps, hats, rats, lamps, rocks, books | Roses, voices, noises, brushes, cages, fishes, foxes, dishes, inches |
, ss, -s, -sh, -ch, .. , es . es [iz]. [iz] , e s, c, z, g, .. . : places, horses, prizes, noses, etc.
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4. , f fe, es f v. :
Thief thieves wolf wolves wife wives
Leaf leaves loaf loaves half halves
Knife knives life lives calf calves
shelf shelves
roof, chief handkerchief, safe s . :
roof roofs handkerchief handkerchiefs
chief chiefs , safe safes
5. , . s . , ( ), , () , . !
man men fish fish mouse mice
woman women deer deer goose geese
foot feet sheep sheep child children
tooth teeth ox oxen
