Engineering, much like other science, is a broad discipline which is often divided into several sub-disciplines. These disciplines concern themselves with differing areas of engineering work. Although initially an engineer will usually be trained in a specific discipline, throughout an engineer's career the engineer may become multi-disciplined, having worked in several of the outlined areas. Engineering is often characterized as having four main branches:
Chemical engineering The exploitation of chemical principles in order to carry out large scale chemical process, as well as designing new specialty materials and fuels.
Civil engineering The design and construction of public and private works, such as infrastructure (roads, railways, water supply and treatment etc.), bridges and buildings.
Electrical engineering a very broad area that may encompass the design and study of various electrical and electronic systems, such as electrical circuits, generators, motors, electromagnetic/electromechanical devices, electronic devices, electronic circuits, optical fibers, optoelectronic devices, computer systems, telecommunications and electronics.
Mechanical engineering The design of physical or mechanical systems, such as power and energy systems, aerospace/aircraft products, weapon systems, transportation products engines, compressors, kinematic chains, vacuum technology, and vibration isolation equipment.
Historically, naval engineering and mining engineering were major branches. New specialties sometimes combine with the traditional fields and form new branches.
In Political science the term engineering has been borrowed for the study of the subjects of Social engineering and Political engineering, which deal with forming political and social structures using engineering methodology coupled with political science principles. Financial engineering has similarly borrowed the term.
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1. .
2. .
| 1. science 2. discipline 3. specific 4. scale 5. to characterize 6. device 7. to combine 8. to borrow 9. to study 10. major | a. , b. , c. d. e. f. , g. h. i. j. |
3. .
| career, concern, engineering, designing, major |
1. These disciplines... themselves with differing areas of engineering work.
2. Throughout an engineer's... the engineer may become multi-disciplined.
3. Chemical engineering deals with... new specialty materials and fuels.
4. Naval engineering and mining engineering were... branches.
5. Financial... has borrowed the term.
4. , .
| :Engineering, much like other sciences, is a broad discipline. | engineer |
| 1) Engineering is often... into several sub-disciplines. | division |
| 2) Chemical engineering deals with designing new... materials and fuels. | special |
| 3) Civil engineering is the design and construction of infrastructure, bridges and.... | build |
| 4) New specialties sometimes combine with the... fields. | tradition |
| 4) Social engineering and Political engineering, which deal with... political and social structures using engineering methodology. | form |
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5. .
2.
1. , , Present Perfect Past Perfect.
1. Britains nuclear scientists (to make) progress in harnessing atomic energy.
2. The Roman roads in London (to vanish) in the confusion of the centuries after the Romans (to Leave).
3. Horatio Nelson (to die) on board of his flagship The Victory, but before he was told that he (to win) the battle.
4. Cleopatras Needle, the monument whish (to lie) for centuries in the sand, (to be presented) to the British nation.
5. Michael Faradays discoveries (to give) rise to the electrical industry.
2. .
1. These disciplines concern themselves... differing areas... engineering work.
2. Engineer can work... several areas.
3. New specialties sometimes combine... the traditional fields and form new branches.
4. Leonardo Da Vinci is an example of the connection... art and engineering.
5. Social engineering and Political engineering use engineering methodology coupled... political science principles.
3. some, any, no .
1. Do you like... of these design projects?
2.... engineers are trained in several fields.
3.... knew that the construction was going on.
4.... left these papers on my table yesterday.
5. Does... have experience in infrastructure design?
3.
1. ( ).
1) Engineering is a broad discipline, isnt it?
2) What can you say about an engineers training?
3) What are the main branches of engineering?
4) What branches were major ones before?
5) How are Social and Political science connected with engineering?
2. Choosing career in engineering (15-20 ).
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FAMOUS LONDON ARCHITECT
Before the Great Fire there were 108 churches in the City, but only 20 survived the flames. It was decided to rebuild 51, and this monumental task was given to Sir Christopher Wren (1632 - 1723).
Wrens masterpiece was St Pauls Cathedral, but each church was designed with the same care so that no two were alike.
During the Second World War nearly all Wrens churches were destroyed or damaged. Most were reconstructed, and of the 39 churches in the City, 23 are by Wren.
Inigo Jones (1573-1652) transformed English architecture and introduced a Classical style whose influence was to last for nearly 300 years. In 1617 he was began to build the Queens House at Greenwich, and in 1619 was invited by James I to build the Banqueting House for Whitehall Palace.
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Jones was also responsible for Covent Garden, which originally took its name from the convent that stood on the site in the Middle Ages. Here Jones based his design on the style of an Italian piazza and created London's first real square. The Garden flourished in the 17th century as the residential area of the rich. It was King Charles' II favourite haunt, a place of entertainment of all sorts.
In the 18th and 19th centuries Covent Garden became known for its fruit and vegetable markets.
In 1974 the market was moved to a new site in Nine Elms, and Covent Garden has become a tourist attraction with continental-style restaurants, bars and clubs.
Another of London's great builders is John Nash (17521835). He enlarged Buckingham Palace and gave it a grand archway, called the Marble Arch, which was moved in 1851 to Hyde Park, where it still stands.
Today Buckingham Palace is the official residence of the Royal Family. The Flying of the Royal Standard on the palace proclaims that the Queen is in Residence. The Changing of the Guard is a very popular tourist attraction.
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1. .
2. .
| 1. to survive 2. to be reconstructed 3. to create 4. a place of entertainment 5. to base 6. masterpiece 7. to enlarge 8. to be responsible 9. to become known 10. continental style | a. b. , c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. |
3. .
| destroyed, design, survived, transformed, builders |
1. Only 20 churches... the Great Fire.
2. During the Second World War nearly all Wrens churches were... or damaged.
3. Inigo Jones... English architecture.
4. Here Jones based his... on the style of an Italian piazza.
5. Another of London's great... is John Nash.
4. , .
| : It was decided to rebuild 51 churches. | decision |
| 1) Many churches were... after the war. | reconstruction |
| 2) Jones was also... for Covent Garden. | responsibility |
| 3) The Garden was King Charles' II favourite haunt, a place of... of all sorts. | entertain |
| 4) John Nash... Buckingham Palace. | enlargement |
| 5) The Changing of the Guard is a very popular tourist.... | attract |
5. .
2.
1. , , Future Simple Future Continuous.
1. This architect (to rebuild) the trade centre next year.
2. Tomorrow at the meeting they (to decide) whom to give the task to.
3. At 10 oclock tomorrow the manager (to go) to the building site.
4. Our project managers (to work) at a new design project at the same time in two weeks.
5. A new city park (to be) popular among citizens.
2. .
1. This monumental task was given... Sir Christopher Wren.
2. Inigo Jones began to build the Queens House at Greenwich... 1617.
3. The Garden flourished as the residential area... the rich.
4. In 1974 the market was moved... a new site in Nine Elms.
5. The Flying of the Royal Standard... the palace proclaims that the Queen is in Residence.
3. .
| will have to, could, must, may, can |
1. Yesterday he... visit the construction site, but today he is very busy.
2.... our engineer have a look at the calculations? Yes, of course.
3. I finish this report today, because tomorrow I will go to our office in Moscow.
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4. The day after tomorrow she show the final variant of the project.
5. The designer... create real masterpieces.
3.
1. ( ).
1) Who are the famous London architects?
2) Were all Wrens churches alike?
3) When was Covent Garden built?
4) Was enlarged by Inigo Jones or John Nash?
5) What is Buckingham Palace today?
2. Famous London architects and their works (15-20 ).
4
FAMOUS LONDON ARCHITECTS
When Queen Victoria came to the throne, a new era brought the first major change in architectural styles since the days of Inigo Jones.
When the railways came to London the Victorians built railway stations. They were so magnificent, that they looked like palaces. Among the most beautiful ones are Euston Station, King's Cross Station and St Pancras.
The Victorian Gothic style dominated in London's buildings until the end of the century, and can still be seen in many civil, public and commercial buildings. One of its strongest supporters was Prince Albert, and after his death in 1861 a memorial to him was designed by Sir George Gilbert Scott. A bronze statue to the prince looks across Kensington, the borough that he made into London's centre for the arts and sciences. Prince Albert's other London monument is the Royal Albert Hall, opposite the memorial, which was opened in 1871.
The trend in architecture during the first 20 years of the 20th century was largely a continuation of the Victorian style.
After the Second World War London, and particularly the City, underwent its biggest redevelopment since the Great Fire. There arose concrete and glass skyscraper blocks, towering above St Paul's Cathedral. London had reached its acceptable boundaries, and building land was very expensive. So commercial buildings reached for the sky, matched by high-rise blocks of flats in the East End. In 1969 the Post Office Tower at 580 ft was the tallest building in Britain. It has a familiar name "pie in the sky", and a restaurant revolves at the top.
The latest contender for the title of London's tallest building is the 600 ft National Westminster Bank building in Bishopsgate.
The face of London changes, as it must if the capital is to remain alive. But its past is still there for all to see in streets and buildings that portray almost 2000 years of history.
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1. .
2. .
| 1. a major change 2. architectural style 3. to be magnificent 4. to dominate in something 5. to be designed 6. a trend in architecture 7. to be a continuation of something 8. building land 9. to reach for something 10. to remain alive | a. - b. c. d. e. - f. g. - h. i. j. |
3. .
| revolving, architectural, magnificent, history, dominated |
1. A new era brought the first major change in... styles.
2. They were so..., that they looked like palaces.
3. The Victorian Gothic style... in London until the end of the century.
4. The Post Office Tower has a... restaurant at the top.
5. London streets and buildings portray almost 2000 years of....
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4. , .
| : The Victorians built railway stations. | building |
| 1) Among the most... stations are Euston Station and St Pancras. | beauty |
| 2) One of its strongest... was Prince Albert. | support |
| 3) The trend in architecture at the beginning of the 20th century was a... of the Victorian style. | continue |
| 4) After the Second World War London underwent its biggest... since the Great Fire. | develop |
| 5) A restaurant... at the top of the Post Office Tower | revolving |
5. .
2.
1. , , Future Simple Future Continuous.
1. This business centre (to be) the tallest in our town.
2. I (to work) at my book all the day tomorrow.
3. A famous architect (to design) this new district of the town.
4. The engineers promises that the construction (to be finished) in time.
5. On Monday at 12 oclock they (to discuss) this very question.
2. .
1. The Victorian Gothic style can still be seen... many buildings.
2.... Prince Alberts death a memorial to him was designed by Sir George Gilbert Scott.
3. The latest contender... the title of London's tallest building is the National Westminster Bank building in Bishopsgate.
4. Commercial buildings were matched... high-rise blocks of flats in the East End.
5. A bronze statue... the prince looks across Kensington.
3. .
| may, will have to, must, could, can |
1. I... go to the construction manager tomorrow.
2. You... visit a new office if you have time.
3. Richard wants to know if he... take the magazine for some time.
4. She... check everything before the conference starts.
5. Last month they had a vacation and... have a rest in countryside very often.
3.
1. ( ).
1) When did a change in architectural styles in London begin?
2) What are the most beautiful railway stations in London?
3) What are the monuments to Prince Albert?
4) What kind of redevelopment did London undergo after the Second World War?
5) Can we see London past in its streets and buildings?
2. Changes in London architecture in the 19th 20th centuries (15-20 ).
