Past Perfect
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| Past Perfect 䳿 . : ) : by five o'clock, by Saturday, by the 10th of February, by the end of the year, by that time ; ) 䳺, Simple Past: We had written the letter when he came. |
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Simple Past 䳺 to have (had) + Participle II
(done) 䳺
To do
+
| I had donemy work by three o'clock. They had done the exercise before he came into the room. |
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| Had you done your work by three o'clock? What exercise hadyou done before they came into the room? |
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| I had not (hadn't) donemy work by three o'clock. They had not (hadn't) donethe exercise before he came into the room. |
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He came to Kyiv, took a taxi and went to his work. ( 䳿 Simple Past.)
Kate came into the room, sat down at the table and began to read the book which she had bought in the shop. ( , 䳿 . Past Perfect.)
Present Perfect Progressive
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| Present Perfect Progressive 䳿, , i . 䳺 , , , . |
:
Present Perfect 䳺 to be (have been, has been) + Participle I (working) 䳺
to work
+
| I have been working at the factory for ten years. He has been working for an hour. |
?
| How long have you been working at the factory? Since when has he been working? |
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| I haven't been working at the factory for twenty years. He hasn't been working for an hour. |
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Present Perfect Progressive : for an hour, for a month, lately, since yesterday, since five o'clock, for twenty years , , How long? Since when?
Present Perfect Progressive 䳺 aci, .
3. Ѳ (SEQUENCE OF TENSES)
䳺 - 䳺 䳺 . 䳺- , - .
1. 䳺 ,
Simple Past Past Progressive.
thought you had more courage.
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Tom knew that his friend was tearing English then.
2. , , Past Perfect Past Perfect Progressive.
He knew that she had already bought the book. Kate was told that her brother had been working since ten o'clock.
3. 䳿 ,
Future in the Past.
He knew they would read the book the following year. She knew they would have read the book by five
o'clock.
Kate told me she would be reading the book after dinner.
䳺 䳺 .
: knew she played the piano every day. - , .
knew she had been playing the piano for two hours. , () .
4. (The Simple Future - in - the Past)
1) Simple Future in the Past , .
2) Simple Future in the Past , .
Simple Future in the Past would (should) + Infinitive 䳺 to
E.g. said that I would (should) go there the next day. He knew they would read the book the following year.
5. 䳺 (Modal Verbs)
䳺 (can, may, must, ought, shall, should, will, would, need, dare), . ֳ 䳺 , 䳺, (Defective Verbs).
䳺 , 䳺:
I can help you.
He must go there.
䳺 䳺 , :
I wanted to open the window
but I couldnt.
,
.
䳺 䳿 , , , , , , , , 䳿, .
䳺 to have, to be.
䳺 :
1. 䳺 , 䳺 , , .
2. ϳ 䳺 to.
䳺 to be to have 䳺 ought, to, 䳺 need dare, to .
3. 䳺 (e)s:
He may come tomorrow.
, .
4. 䳺 䳺 to do.
I musnt help him at once.
.
䳺 :
May I come in?
?
䳺 not:
You should not do it.
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䳺: must, should, ought, to have to, to be, need.
, , 䳺:
1. ij must, have (to), have got (to), 䳿 :
I must help you now (tomorrow).
( )
().
I have (have got) to help you now
(tomorrow).
().
must, have (to), have got (to), need:
Must you help him now?
Do you have to help him now?
Have you got to help him (,
now? )
Need you help him? ?
dont have to, havent got to, neednt:
You dont have (havent got)
to help him now. ( ,
You neednt help him now. )
.
2. ij to be am, is are (to) 䳿, :
We are to meet at seven oclock.
.
My friends are to arrive
tomorrow.
.
3. ij should, ought (to), :
He should help them. ³ ( ,
He ought to help them. ) .
䳺. , to have :
We will have to help him.
(
, )
.
, , 䳺:
1. ij to have had to , :
I had to go there yesterday.
(
) .
2. To be was (to), were (to) Indefinite Infinitive, , . 䳿, 䳿:
I was to send him a letter,
but I forgot. , .
I was to call on him at 9
oclock in the morning, ,
so I got up very early. .
3. ij to be was (to), were (to) Perfect Infinitive, , , :
