( ) , , .
, , , .
. (, ) .
:
:
Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI = PbI2¯ + 2KNO3
Pb2+ + 2NO 3 + 2K + + 2I = PbI2¯ + 2K + + 2NO 3
Pb2+ + 2I = PbI2¯
:
NaNO2 + HCl = NaCl + HNO2
Na + + NO2 + H+ + Cl = Na + + Cl + HNO2
H+ + NO2- = HNO2
H2SO4 + 2NaOH = Na2SO4 + 2H2O
2H+ + SO 42 + 2Na + + 2OH = 2Na + + SO 42 + 2H2O
H+ + OH = H2O
HCl + NH4OH = NH4Cl + H2O
H+ + Cl + NH4OH = NH4+ + Cl + H2O
H+ + NH4OH = NH4+ + H2O
:
Na2CO3 + 2HCl = 2NaCl + O2 + H2O
2Na + + CO32 + 2H+ + Cl = 2Na + + Cl + CO2 + H2O
CO32 + 2H+ = CO2 + H2O
.
. : H2O Û H+ + OH-. :
.
:
.
, . H+, OH-, . , H+ OH-. :
.
[H+], / | [OH], / | ||
= 7 | 10 7 | 107 | |
< 7 | >107 | <107 | |
> 7 | <107 | >107 |
, , , .
, , , . , .
, , NaCl, KNO3, CaCl2 ., , .
, :
(Na3PO4, K2SO3, Na2S .);
(NH4Cl, AlCl3, ZnSO4 .);
(NH4CH3COO, NH4CN .).
.
|
|
NaNO2.
: NaNO2 = Na+ + NO2
:
NO2 + HOH Û HNO2 + OH ( , >7);
:
NaNO2 + H2O Û HNO2 + NaOH.
K2CO3 ( ).
: K2CO3 = 2K+ + CO32
:
CO32 + HOH Û HCO3- + OH ( , >7);
:
K2CO3 + H2O Û KHCO3 + KOH.
.
.
NH4Cl.
: NH4Cl = NH4+ + Cl-
:
NH4+ + HOH Û NH4OH + H+ ( , <7);
:
NH4Cl + H2O Û NH4OH + Hl.
AlCl3 ( ):
AlCl3 = Al3+ + 3Cl
Al3+ + HOH Û AlOH2+ + H+ ( , <7);
: AlCl3 + H2O Û AlOHCl2 + Hl.
.
.
, , , , OH H+ , , . , .
CH3COONH4:
CH3COONH4 = NH4+ + CH3COO
NH4+ + CH3COO + HOH Û NH4OH + CH3COOH
CH3COONH4 + H2O Û NH4OH + CH3COOH
: , .
, :
r2S3 + 6H2O = 2Cr(OH)3 + 3H2S.
. .
.
, (Al3+, Fe3+, Cr3+, NH4+), - (O32, SO32, S2, SiO32), , . :
2AlCl3 + 3Na2CO3 + 6H2O = 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2CO3 + 6NaCl
2Al3+ + 3CO32 + 3H2O = 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2CO3.