- , . (, , ó), , , .
, () - .
(a). (n) (N):
.
. , a > 30 %, .
:
;
: HNO3, H2SO4, HCl, HBr, HI, HMnO4, HClO4 ;
: LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH, Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2.
:
H2CO3, H2SiO3, HNO2, H3PO4, H2SO3, H2S, HF, HCN, CH3COOH ;
( ) . NH4OH .
, (=):
Al2(SO4)3 = 2Al3+ + 3SO42 NaHCO3 = Na+ + HCO3 CuOHCl = CuOH+ + Cl | HNO3 = H+ + NO3 NaOH = Na+ + OH |
, (Û). , .
298 . , :
NH4OH Û NH4+ + OH; .
. . , H2CO3:
1- : H2CO3 Û H+ + HCO3; ;
2- : HCO3- Û H+ + CO32; .
Fe(OH)2:
1- : Fe(OH)2 Û FeOH+ + OH , ;
2- : FeOH + Û Fe 2+ + OH , .
. Pb(OH)2 = H2PbO2
Pb(OH)2 Û PbOH + + OH , PbOH + Û Pb 2+ + OH ;
H2PbO2 Û H + + HPbO2 , HPbO2 Û H+ + PbO22 .