: , - , () . , - , -, - , " ".
, - CALS -, . . 5.13 [38].
. 5.13.
" "
- CALS - , , , ; .
CAx (Computer ided ) x , :
CAD (Computer Aided Design) (, ᒺ );
CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing) ( , );
CAE (Computer Aided Engineering) ( , );
PDM (Product Data Management) ;
CAP (Computer Aided Planning) (, );
CAQ (Computer Aided Quality assurance) (, , ) [7].
CALS -㳿 ISO - . :
(, );
( -);
( ).