1. . -.
2. , .
:
ΔG , , - .
(4.1) (4.2), :
| (4.3) |
, (ΔG, ΔH, ΔS) , (4.3). :
dG = dU + PdV + VdP TdS SdT. | (4.4) |
dU = δQ δA, :
dG = δQ δA + PdV + VdP TdS SdT. | (4.5) |
(SdT = 0) (ΔQ = TdS), (δ = PdV), (4.5) , VdP, . :
dG = VdP. |
V = RT / P , ,
dG = RT dP / P = RT d(lnP) |
,
(4.6) |
, G1 P1, G2 P2. 4.6 , , G , 1 2. , 1 , 2 , (4.6) :
(4.7) |
- j; ().
a = C/C. a = 1.
(4.7)
a + b = lL + m |
:
(ΔG = 0) (4.8)
.
, , :
(4.9) (4.8), , -:
. , Kc K,
|
|
(4.11) (4.12) () . ( ) ( ) , , , (. , . , 1867 .).
Kp Kc Kp = (RT)ΔnKc, Δn .
ΔG .
ΔH Δn ≠ 0 . . , , : , , .
1. . , (), , . . , N2 + O2 (ΔH > 0), . CO + 1/2O2 = CO2, ΔH < 0 .
2. . , . , . , 2CO + O2 = 2CO2, Δn, O2.
3. . , ( ), . , ( )
, , . . .
, , ,
. pH .
. () , () . : () .
, . PbO2 . H2SO4 (3239 %), PbSO4 PbO2 .
|
|
:
,
: , . :
, , . 1,85 , . PbSO4 . .
- , (III), 20%- KOH:
:
(III):
:
, :
, .
- - :
(- ), (), (). . , ΔG < 0. ΔG = nFE ΔG = nFE , , - , E > 0 E > 0
. () ().
, - .
()ZnZn2+||Cu2+Cu(+)
, :