26
1. . .
2. .
:
́ + OH− , .
, , :
H2O + H2O ↔ H3O+ + OH−
H2O ↔ H+ + OH−
. :
, | (1) |
:
- [H+] ();
- [OH−] -;
- [H2O] ( ) ;
, , (1000 /)/(18 /) = 55,56 /.
25 C 1,810−16/. (1) :
, | (2) |
K[H2O] = K = 1,810−16 /55,56 / = 10−14²/² = [H+][OH−] ( 25 C).
K, -, . , . C , , K, .
, () ( [H+] [OH−]) [OH−] [H+]. , , (pH) (pOH).
K , ( H+), - OH− . [H+] = [OH−] = /. [H+] > 10−7 / (, [OH−] < 10−7 /) ; [OH−] > 10−7 / (, [H+] < 10−7 /) .
. ( ) .
, pH ( ), ( ) , , ( ) , :
|
|
, . , = 4, = 14 4= 10.
.
, ( F-), , .
, , , . . , , , . Au , PbO2, RuO4, . - , Ni Fe , Pb H2SO4, Ti, Ta, . - .
. , (-) :
1. , , (-0,41, pH=7). . .
2. , , (Cu2+, Hg2+, Ag+, Au3+). , . . (-) H+ .
3. , Cd2+, Co2+, Ni2+ ( 02/+ pH ). : .
. ., , . .