1900. . , , (). .
=h×n ( ), n ; h =6,626×10-34 × .
: , .
1913. . , :
1) .
2) , .
3) .
1924 . . c , , v, :
- () , (, , , .) (), .
1925 , . . (1926 ).
( ). , , .
.
1. . n 1 7 ( ) , . ( ).
=1 . , L, , N. , , Q . .
n | |||||||
K | L | M | N | O | P | Q |
2. () l ( ). .
l | ||||
s | p | d | f | |
|
|
n l 0 n 1.
n | l | |
s | ||
0, 1 | s, p | |
0, 1, 2 | s, p, d | |
4, 5, 6, 7 | 0, 1, 2, 3 | s, p, d,f |
3. ml l +l, 0.
l | ml | |
1s | ||
1, 0, +1 | 3p | |
2, 1, 0, +1, +2 | 5d | |
3, 2, 1, 0, +1,+2, +3 | 7f |
|
:
. () .
, ( ), :
(N) N = 2n2, - ( ).
1) n = 1, N = 2×12 = 2
n = 1
s
1s2: ( ); (s, p, d, f) ( ); .
2) n = 2, N = 2×22 = 8
n = 2
s
2s22p6
3) n = 3, N = 2×32 = 18
n = 3
s p d
3s23p63d10
4) n = 4, N = 2×42 = 32
n = 4
s p d f
4s24p64d104f14
:
, n + l.
+ l , , n .
, + 1 :
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f146d107p66f147d107f14.
n | l | n+l | n | l | n+l | ||||
1+0=1 | 1 s2 | 5+0=5 5+1=6 5+2=7 5+3=8 | 5 s2 5 p6 5 d10 5 f14 | ||||||
2+0=2 2+1=3 | 2 s2 2 p6 | 6+0=6 6+1=7 6+2=8 6+3=9 | 6 s2 6 p6 6 d10 6 f14 | ||||||
3+0=3 3+1=4 3+2=5 | 3 s2 3 p6 3 d10 | 7+0=7 7+1=8 7+2=9 7+3=10 | 7 s2 7 p6 7 d10 7 f14 | ||||||
4+0=4 4+1=5 4+2=6 4+3=7 | 4 s2 4 p6 4 d10 4 f14 |
( ):