(near-money) , , , , , .
(lump-sum tax) , (GDP).
(excise tax) , .
(bank-note) , () .
(bank credit) , - (, , ) ( , , . .) .
(bimetallic standard) , .
(paper money) , .
(budget deficit) .
(public debt) .
(state credit) , , .
(monetary aggregate) , .
(money market) , ( ).
(money) , , , .
(bank deposit) , .
(hypothecary credit) (, ).
(commercial bank) , , , , ; .
(commercial credit) , -
, .
(indirect business taxes) , ( ) ( , , .).
(credit) , , .
- (monetary policy) - .
|
|
|
(Laffer curve) , , .
(liquidate) , .
(personal income tax) , .
1 ; , .
2 ; 1 ( 100 . ).
3 ; 2 (100 . ).
(international credit) .
(intereconomic monetary credit) , , , , .
(standard of value) , , .
(coin) , .
(monometallism) , ( ).
(cash) .
(tax) ( ), , , .
() (value-added tax, VAT) , .
(payroll tax) , , , .
, (property tax) - (, , , ), .
(corporate income tax) () .
(sales tax) , .
(tax subsidy) ; , .
(tax wedge) , ; .
( ) (nominal demand for money (demand for the nominal monetary rests)) (, ).
|
|
|
, (budget surplus) .
(consumer credit) 3 , , .
() (government purchases) , .
(government transfer payment) , .
(marginal tax rate) ( ) , .
(liquidity preference) , . . , .
(benefits-received principle) , , - , , .
(ability-to-pay principle) , , ( ), , , ( ) .
(progressive tax) , .
(proportional tax) , - .
( ) (real demand for money (demand for the real monetary rests)) , .
(regressive tax) , () () .
(annually balanced budget) .
(saving account) , .
(transactions demand for money) , ( ) .
(asset demand for money) , ( ) .
(average tax rate) , ; .
(time deposit) , .
(structural deficit) .
(current account) , , .
(functional finance) - (GDP) .
(central bank) , .
|
|
|
(cyclically balanced budget) .
(cyclical deficit) , .
() (checkable deposit) , .
(net taxes) .
: [1, . 44; 3, . 4951; 4, . 138142; 5, . 277297; 6, . 351390; 7, . 328353, 450474; 8, . 375408, 412444; 10, . 338347, 349368, 378401; 11, . 478490, 496503; 12, . 556560; 14, . 222236; 15, . 307342, 381429].
1. : :
) ;
) ;
) ;
) .
2. , :
) ;
) ;
) ;
) .
3. -:
) ;
) ;
) ;
) .
4. :
) ;
) ;
) ;
) .
5. 1 :
) + ;
) + + ;
) ;
) + .
6. :
) ;
) ;
) ;
) + .
7. :
) ;
) ;
) ;
) .
8. , . :
) ;
) ;
) ;
) .
9. :
) ;
) ;
) ;
) .
10. :
) ;
) ;
) ;
) .
11. :
) ;
) ;
) ;
) .
12. :
) ;
) ;
) ;
) .
13. :
) , , , ;
) , , ;
) , , , ;
) , , , -.
14. :
) ;
) ;
) ;
) , , , .
15. :
) , .;
|
|
|
) , .;
) , , , .;
) .
16. :
) . . ;
) . ;
) . ;
) . .
17. :
) ;
) ;
) ;
) .
18. , :
) ;
) ;
) ;
) .
19. , , :
) ;
) ;
) ;
) .
20. , :
) ;
) ;
) ;
) .
21. :
) ;
) ;
) ;
) .
22. :
) ;
) ;
) ;
) .
: 1. ); 2. ); 3. ); 4. ); 5. ); 6. ); 7. ); 8. ); 9. ); 10. ); 11. ); 12. ); 13. ); 14. ); 15. ).
