1. There... a large table in my room.
2. There... three windows in my classroom.
3. There... a table and four chairs in my sister's room.
4. There... a blackboard, four tables and five chairs in our classroom.
5. There... a text-book and two exercise-books on my table.
6. There... a school here in 1920.
7. There... very many children in the park yesterday.
8. There... some new commercial banks in our city.
9. There... state chartered banks that offer many services.
10. There... some non-deposit financial institutions in the USA.
11. There... an insurance company and some pension funds on the list below.
12. There... a growing number of small finance companies in the USA today.
IV. (THE NUMBER)
- .
(Countable Nouns) , : apple (one apple) - ( ); two, three, four apples - , , . . .
(Uncountable Nouns) - , , , , : silver, snow, air, water, sand (, , , , ), : love, friendship, light (, , ). , . , . .: sands, waters, steels (, , ). .
:
- What are you having? - ?
- I shall have a Cola. - () .
-s, . [ s ]:
a week - weeks [ wi: ks ] - -
a lip lips [ lips ] - -
[ z ]:
a bag - bags [ bægz] - -
a boy - boys [ bכiz ] - -
a sea - seas [ si:z ] - -
, s, -ss, -x, -z, -ch, -tch, -sh, es c [ iz ]:
lass - classes [`klα:siz] - -
box - boxes [`bכksiz] - -
dish - dishes [`diòiz] - -
speech - speeches [`spi:tòiz] - -
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watch - watches [`wכtòiz] - -
[iz] , - s, c, z, g:
horse - horses [` hכ:siz ] - -
place - places [ `pleisiz ] - -
prize - prizez [ `praiziz ] -
bridge - bridges [` brid 3 iz ] - - .
y, , - es, y i:
baby - babies - -
army - armies - -
y , s, y i:
toy - toys - -
day - days - -
, - , , s:
hero - heroes - - .
- - s :
- - - oo :
radio - radios - -
kangaroo - kangaroos -
- - :
photo(graph) - photos - () - ()
kilo(gramme) - kilos - () - ()
-
:
concerto - concertos - -
piano - pianos - -
, f - fe, - ves, [vz]:
leaf - leaves [ li:vz ] - -
wife - wives [` waivz ] - -
, - f - fe, - s:
roof - roofs - -
safe - safes - -
kerchief - kerchiefs - - .
1.
:
:
man [ mæn ] - men [ mn ] - -
woman [` wumn ]- women [` wimin ] -
foot [ fut ] - feet [ fi:t ] -
goose [ gu:s ] - geese [ gi:s ] - -
tooth [ tu:θ ] - teeth [ ti:θ ] - -
mouse [ maus ] mice [ mais ] - -
- en:
child - children - -
ox - oxen - -
, , :
sheep - sheep - -
deer - deer - -
swine - swine - -
:
basis [ `beisis ] - basis [` beisiz ] - -
crisis [` kraisis ] - crisis [` kraisiz ] - -
thesis [ `θi:sis ] - thesis [ `θi:siz ] - -
analysis [ ∂ ` nælisis ] - analysis [ ∂ ` nælisiz ] - -
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axis [ `æksis ] - axis [ `æksiz ] - -
datum[ `deit∂m ] - data [ `deit∂ ] - - phenomenon[ fi`nכmin∂n ]-phenomena[ fi`nכmin∂ ] - -
formula [ `fכ:mjul∂ ] - formulae [ `fכ:mjuli: ] - -
nucleus [ `nju:kli∂s ] - nuclei [ `nju:kliai ] -
locus [` l∂uk∂s ] - loci [ `l∂usai ] - -
radius [` reidi∂s ] - radii [` reidiai ] - -
species [ `spi:òi:z ] - species [` spi:òi:z ] -
, , : spectacles - ; pincers -; trousers - ; shorts - , ; scissors - ; opera-glasses - .
: billiards - ; cards - ; dominoes - ; draughts ., , : goods - , ; embers - ; dregs - , ; valuables - ; troops ; clothes - ; contents - , ; whereabouts - ; surroundings - ; savings - .
, , .., , , s:
the two Marys the two - Marys (y )
Mind your Ps and Qs - - P Q.
Cross your ts and dot your is. - t i.
But me no buts! - !
Oh, no, no, a thousand nos! - , , !
Mr. Copperfield objected to my threes and fives being too much alike each other. - ,
, () :
mother-country - mother-countries - -
family-name family-names - -
bookcase - bookcases - -
gas mask - gas masks - -
passer by - passers by - -
mother-in-law - mothers-in-law - ,
, :
forget-me-not - forget-me-nots - -
merry-go-round - merry-go-rounds - -
hold-all - hold-alls - -
overall - overalls - -
- ful :
handful - handfuls - -
spoonful - spoonfuls - -
: column-full columns-full - -
, man woman , man / woman men/ women, , , man/woman :
postman - postmen - -
sportswoman - sportswomen - -
man - servant men-servants - -
woman-writer women-writers - -
, , , , : iron ; steel ; water ; air ; butter . , : steels - .
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, , , , , , : advice - , ; news - , ; knowledge - , ; progress - , ; strength - , ; information - .
, , ink - , cream - , money - , hair - , fruit - , - .
inks, creams, fruits , , ; moneys ; a hair - hairs .
.: He has some grey hairs. .
, , :
watch - watches -
clock - clocks -,
gate - gates -
sledge- sledges -
, -s, . : news - , ; a works - ; a barracks - ; : mathematics ; economics ; politics . : Politics is a dirty business.
, , . :
His phonetics are excellent - .
h nly politics I understand are honest politics - , , - .
, : family - , group - , dience - , , army - , crew , team - , delegation - , party - , , crowd , herd - , , flock - ., , - :
h audien was enormous. - ( ) .
The crew is ready for a take-off. - .
, , - :
The audience were enjoying the concert - (, ) .
My family keep a close eye on me. - ( ) .
The crew are now resting. - ( ) .
: eople - , police , cattle - :
There were few people in the street. - .
The police are looking for the murderer. - .
He found the field where the cattle were grazing - , .
, , , .., : kindness - ; courage - ; friendship - ; struggle - ; music - ; time - ; sss - ; science - ; coal -; snow .
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, , , : science - a science - , sciences - ; success - , a success - , , successes - .
: foliage - , leafage - . , shrubbery - , brushwood - , , linen , machinery - , , furniture - ..
, , - : five dozen apples - , three score years - . , : dozens of people - . .
, , : stone - , 6,36 (a man of 12 stone); head - , (100 head of cattle). , , + , , , :
a two-year-old child -
a fifty-dollar cheque - 50 .
V. (THE ARTICLE)
1.
, / . : (the Indefinite Article) (the Definite Article).
: 1) an, , : an apple, an uncle, an hour ( h ); 2) a, , : a tree, a pen.
one , : , , , . . , . :
He gave me a flower/flowers - /.
I saw admiration in her eyes. - .
se , . :
This is the sort of thing I like - , .
, , [ð]: the book [ð`buk], , [ði]: the author [ði`כ:θ], the hour [ði`au].
, , . : a wild dirty black cat - ; the long busy street -
, / :
| A (an) | The | ||
| . . - | A cat | The cat | |
| . . - | - | The cats | Cats |
| - | - | The water | Water |
2. (The Indefinite Article)
2.1.
- - . , , a pencil -, , . , - , , , . :
This is a flower. - ( ).
He is a teacher. - ( ).
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2.2.
. , , . : - A baseball is round. - ( . A cow gives milk. - ( ).
2.3.
: An apple a day keeps the doctor away. - () - . ( ), , , :
| . . | . . | |
| Tea | A tea , | I ordered a tea. . |
| Thought - | A thought - , | A thought struck him. . |
| iron - | an iron | Do you need an iron? ? |
2.4.
:
there is:
There is a cup on the table. - .
There was a knock at the door. - .
what, such, rather, quite, as:
What a day! - / !
Its rather a long way from here! - !
many , :
For many a day it was raining hard. - - .
, half:
Ill be back in half an hour. - .
: a lot of - , ; a great deal of - ; as a rule - , ; at a loss - (); for a while - ; in a hurry - ; to have a good time - ; its a pity - ; to do somebody a pleasure - - ; its a shame - ; what a shame - , ..
3. (The Definite Article)
, , , . , , , :
1. -
2. .
Put the milk into the fridge. - . ( - , )
3. .
How did you like the play? - a ? ( , )
4.
0nce I saw an old man in the street. The old man was carrying a basket full of snakes. - .() , .
5. , / .
This is the house that Jack built. - Bo , .
Those are the girls who live next door. - , .
. , :
January is the first month of the year;
- Pushkin was the best poet of his time;
main - ; principal - , , ; central - ; present - ; same - ; wrong - , ; right - , ; very - ; only - ; next, following - ; ; last - ; former - , ; latter - ; other - , . next last .
. :
They studied at the same school. The dentist pulled out the wrong tooth. Are we on the right road? Thats the very book Im looking for. He was the only child in the family. He was the next man to come. Ill tell you the following things. The previous lecture was very important. It was the last chance to leave. The former USSR was the largest country in the world. Id hire neither Bill nor Jack: the former is stupid, the latter is ugly. He had two brothers: one was a sailor, the other was a tailor. Ho: They came here last year and will come again next year.
6. : the Moon, the Sun, the Earth, the Kremlin, the White House ..;
7. :
Can I see the director? - ? (, , - ).
, , , , . :
:
1. , : the common people - ; the peasants - ; the workers - ; the bourgeoisie - ; the aristocracy - .;
2. : the poor - ; the rich - ; the strong - ; the wounded - ; the learned ..
3.1.
, .
, , :
1) , : the North /the South Pole - / ; the Arctic - ; the Antarctic - ; the North/ South - / ( south/ north - / ;
2) , , , , , ..: the Pacific (Ocean), the Atlantic (Ocean), the Indian Ocean; the Baltic (Sea), the Black Sea; the (river) Volga; the Panama Canal; the English Channel; the Bering Strait; the Baikal, the Ontario ( Ho: Lake Baikal, Lake Ontario);
3) , of - : the Bay of Bengal - , : Hudson Bay, Baffin Bay;
4) : the Alps, the Urals, the Rocky Mountains (=the Rockies); the Bermudas, the Canary Islands. : Everest, Elbrus; Cuba, Cyprus, Corsica. , : the Matterhorn, the Maije. Ho: Mont Blank;
5) : the Sahara, the Gobi, the Karakum;
6) , : the Balkan Peninsula, the Kola Peninsula. Ho: Indo-China, Labrador;
7) , : the Peoples Republic of China, the United Arab Emirates, the USA, the ex-USSR. , , , , ..;
8) , , : the Netherlands, the Argentine, the Congo, the Crimea, the Ruhr, the Midwest; the Hague/ Ho: Argentine, Ukraine u ..;
9) : the Sedov, the Queen Mary, the Titanic;
10) : the Times, the Guardian. Ho: Izvestia, Pravda;
11) : the Odeon (Cinema), the Globe (Theatre);
12) : the Savoy (Hotel), the Ambassador Hotel;
13) , , : the Botanical Gardens, the High/ Main street, the Strand, the Tiergarten;
14) , , , : the British Museum, the Tate (Gallery); the Festival Hall; the Rotary Club;
I5) : the Old Bailey, the Tower, the Royal Exchange. Ho: Scotland Yard, Westminster Abbey;
16) , : the Lake District, the Yorkshire Forests, the Tomsk Region;
17) , : the Supreme Soviet, the Duma; the Liberal Party, the Church; the City Council. Ho: Parliament;
I8) , language: the English language, the Italian language;
I9) , , , , : In his novels Walter Scott described the England of Middle Ages;
20) , : the Forsytes - ; the Petrovs - . , , . , . , , : -, . : Is he the [ ði:] Mr Johnson? No, he is a [ei] r Johnson;
2I) , , : the country - ; the sea - ; the seaside - ; the mountains - . : Im going to the country for the week-end. I love the mountains, but I hate the sea.
22) : the French - ; the Russians - ; the British - .
3.2. :
| by the way, by the by | |
| out of the question | |
| on the one hand on the other hand | ... |
| in the singular | |
| in the plural | |
| tell the truth | |
| the other day | , |
| play the piano (the guitar and so on ) | ( ..) |
| Whats the time? | ? |
| tell the time | ( ) |
| the sooner the better | ... |
| in the morning (afternoon, evening) | (, ) |
4.
:
1) , :
We are students. - .
Horses are domestic animals. - - .
, , :
A dog barks. - Dogs bark.
The monkey lives in Africa. - Monkeys live in Africa.
, some, any, several:
Ive got two cars. There are several apples on the plate.
2) ( ), :
ts like milk. - .
The sweater is made of wool. - .
, some, any: Theres some milk in the fridge. Is there any meat left?
3) , :
eter is my best friend. Here Smirnov comes. Moscow is the capital of Russia. Europe and Asia make up one continent.
, , , , : Africa, : Berkshire, : Texas, : Regent Street, : Red Square, : Hyde Park, : Lake Windermere, , : Oxford University ( o: the University of Oxford), Cambridge Polytechnic, Westminster Abbey, Salisbury Cathedral, Bognor Town Hall, Wigan Police Station, Birmingham Airport ..;
4) , , , : Admiral Nelson, Dr Livingston, Mr. Smith, Duke Wellington, Your Majesty, Professor Brown. : Good morning, sweet child. Hows life, old chap? Id come back later, Father John.
5) , , , : Summer is my favourite season. On Friday; in October; to have breakfast (lunch, dinner, etc.) , , : in the fall (in the autumn, in the October) of 1991. To weather: I like fine weather. Whats theweather like?
6) , from to/ till: from Liverpool to Manchester; from early morning till late at night;
7) , : Man Killed On Mountain; , : Super Cinema Ritz Hotel; , : Replace bulb for blinker. Release cover; eepa: WIFE ILL MUST CANCEL HOLIDAY; (palm - ); : Take car to garage. Buy buttons; : J. Smith, Personnel Manager; : In 17th century balance of power tween King and nobles changed. : BA = Bachelor of Arts; MP = Member of Parliament -, , , , : NATO [`neitυ], UNO [`ju:nυ], UNESCO [ju`neskυ]. , , , , - : the UN [ði`ju:`en], the BBC [ð`bi:`bi:`si:];
8) ( ), , .. , , , , . , , , :
| ) .. | ||||
| be in bed - | lie on the bed | |||
| go to bed | go to the bed | |||
| go to church | go towards the church | |||
| be in prison | go past the prison | |||
| be in hospital | be in the hospital | |||
| go to school | go to the school | |||
| be at college | be in the college | |||
| go home, be at home , | A university is the home of learning . | |||
| be in town, leave town , | approach the town | |||
| ) ( by): | ||||
| Travel, leave, go, get, come: By bicycle | Ride on the bicycle () | |||
| By bus | Sit in the bus | |||
| By car | Sleep in the car | |||
| By ship | Disembark from the ship | |||
| By train | Catch the train | |||
| By plane | Board the plane | |||
| On foot | Hurt the foot | |||
| ) ( ) | ||||
| At dawn | During the day () | |||
| At daybreak | ||||
| At sunrise | ||||
| At noon | In the afternoon | |||
| At sunset | Admire the sunset () | |||
| At midnight | ||||
| At dusk | Invisible in the dusk | |||
| At twilight | ||||
| At night , by night | Wake up in the night | |||
| ) : | ||||
| Have, stay for/ before, at, after: breakfast | ||||
| Lunch | At the lunch for the chairman - | |||
| Tea ( Br.English) | Have you made (the) tea? ? | |||
| Dinner | She was preparing (the) dinner. . | |||
| Supper | The supper was cold. . | |||
| Dinner will be served at 6 oclock. 6 . | The dinner was well cooked. . | |||
| At table ( ) | Read sitting at the table | |||
| ) : | ||||
| They walked arm in arm/ hand in hand. - / . | He took her by the arm. - . | |||
| They are husband and wife. - . | She is the wife of a famous artist. - . | |||
| We met face to face - . | I punched him right in the face. - . | |||
, , :
| At first | By heart | ||
| At first sight | By name | ||
| At peace/ war | / | By mistake | |
| By chance | By means of | ||
| On time | ( ) | In time | ( ) |
