1. ,
, , .
(3+) (-) :
+ +
3+ + 2 = 2 + 3+ - + 2 = 2 + -.
2. .
) , .
) . , , .
3. .
, . ( ): :
l0 = l0 + l0,
l0 l0 ( ).
.
, . (a, ) ( ).
:
l = a× l0.
. = α2 / (1- α), :
= λ / λ0 (λ0 λ).
: l = fl×l¥,
fl - , .
l .
, , .
1. . , . , ( ). , . .
2. . , , , , . , , , , .
|
|
.
, .
( ), . : æ = a(l0 + l0)×103.
, R , ( ). :
æ = / R, [-1-1] (4)
.
, , . , . 10-310-9-1-1, 10-3-1-1. : , , > , > , , > , > .
1.
12%- (ρ = 1,109 /), 0,1041-1×-1
:
: λ = æ / .
, : = ν/V = m/(MV).
100 , 12 , 133,5 /, V = m / ρ, V = 90 , 0,09 .
= 12/(133,50,09) ≈ 1 / 1103 /3.
: λ = 0,1041102/103 = 0,01041 2/.
: 0,01041 2/.
2.
0,678 180 9,25×10-4-1-1. λ0 = 346 -12-1. , .
:
λ = æ / :
λ = 9,25×10-4-1-1/0,678/ = 9,25×10-4∙1000-1-1/ 0,678/ = 1,364 -12-1.
:
α = λ / λ0 = 1,364/346 = 3,94×10-3.
|
|
, ↔ + + -, +
+ = α = 3,94×10-3×0,678 / = 2,67×10-3/.
= λ / λ0 (λ0 λ):
= (3,94×10-3)2×0,678 / / (1 3,94×10-3) = 1,06×10-3 /.
: 3,94×10-3; 2,67×10-3/; 1,06×10-3 /.
3.
3,91×10-3 /3 298 21,7 -12-1. , l0(25-) = 35,8 -12-1 l0(+) = 350 -12-1.
:
:
l0(25) = l0(25-) + l0(+) ( ); α = λ / λ0; + = α; = - lg +.
l0(25) = 35,8 + 350 = 385,8 -12-1.
α = 21,7 / 385,8 = 0,056.
+ = 0,056 3,91×10-3 = 0,218×10-3 /.
= - lg 0,218×10-3 = 3,66.
: 0,056; 3,66.
4.
, NaBr, HBr C6H5COONa : 128,5×10-4; 428,2×10-4 82,5×10-4×2/.
:
λ(65) = λ(65-) + λ(+), (1)
λ(HBr) = λ(H+) + λ(Br-); λ(H+) = λ(HBr) λ(Br-), (2)
λ(NaBr) = λ(Na+) + λ(Br-); λ(Br-) = λ(NaBr) λ(Na+), (3)
λ(C6H5COONa) = λ(C6H5COO-) + λ(Na+);
λ(Na+) = λ(C6H5COONa) λ(C6H5COO-). (4)
(4) (3), (3) (2) , , (2) (1), , :
λ(65) = λ(HBr) + λ(C6H5COONa) - λ(NaBr);
λ(65) = (428,2 + 82,5 128,5) ×10-4 = 482×10-4 ×2/.
: 482×10-4 ×2/.
5.
0,759 0,8 . 184 . 80 -1. .
:.
:
æ = / R.
æ = 80/184 = 0,435 -1×-1.
: λ = æ/.
: = ν/V = m/(M×V) = 0,759/(56×0,8) = 0,018 / = 17 /3.
λ = 0,435/17 = 0,0256 ×2/.
: 0,0256 ×2/.