.
..
, , . , . : , , .
. , (n, l, m, s) , .. (c ).
( ). , .
1S < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s < 5d 4f < 6p < 7s.
. .
, . :
, . , .
, (>1,7 ) , . . . , , : 1) , ; 2) , ; 3) , , .
, 1.5 . .
, , , , , , . .
, . , . , , . , .
|
|
: ; - .
, , .
- .
, .
, .. .
( ) . : sp-, sp2-, sp3- . (. ).
, | |||||
s, p | sp | 180 | BeCl2, C2H2, [Ag(NH3)2]+ | ||
s, p, p | sp2 |
| BF3, C2H4, NO3- | ||
s, p, p, p | sp3 | CH4, [BF4]-, PO43-, [NH4]+ |
. (.. - ), , (.. ), , . , , F, O, N. -. , , , .
, . . , , . , ; . . . (, 12 8). , .
1.
: N, Si, F, r, , W.
:
:
1s2s2p3s3p4s3d4p5s4d5p 6s4f5d6p7s5f6d.
s- ( ) , p- ( ) , d- ( ) 10 f- ( ) 14. . ( ) . , 7 , 1s-, 2s-, 2p-. :
|
|
+7N: 1s22s22p3. :
+14Si: 1s22s22p63s23p2,
+26F: 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d6,
+36r: 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d103p6,
+52: 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d103p65s24d105p4,
+74: 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d103p65s24d105p66s24f145d4.
2.
, ?
:
1s22s22p63s23p64s2. 2+ 1s22s226 s26. Ar S2-, l-, +, Sc3+ .
3.
l3+ : ) 2; ) 1; ) 3d?
:
: 1s22s22p63s23p1. Al3+ 1s22s22p6.
) 2- ;
) , l (l = 0, 1,n-1), n = 1 l = 0, , 1p- ;
) d- , .