. - . . г :
Na+ + Zn(UO2)3Ac8 + HAc = NaZn(UO2)3Ac9 + H+.
K+, NH4+, Mg2+, Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+ ( 20- ), . Hg22+, Sb3+, PO43−, AsO33−, AsO43−, . Fe3+ , , , Fe3+ .
䳿 ( K+), ; , NaZn(UO2)3Ac9 .
.
. : , , 쒿 . , . ( ), . , -. , K+ , .
, , .
2
. .
. - .
, . , .. , . , .
1. ( )
2.
3.
, .
.
⌂m= m-m.
|
|
|
⌂=- .
= (m- m/ m )* 100%
E=(⌂/ m)*100%
D= 
, d . 
,
100 3 . , .
. ( , , , , , , .) . , , .. ( ) .
2. . ij . Ag+, Pb2+, Hg2+.
: (Ag), (Hg) (Pb).
Ag d -, Hg d - f , , , . :
47 Ag +... 4s24p64d10 80 g22+... 5s25p65d106 s1
:
(Ag +) (g22+ )
+ 1 (Ag+, g22+ )
1+ (Ag+) (g22+)
:
Ag2
Ag+ + - = Ag↓
2 Ag → Ag2 + 2
g2
g2 = g↓ + g
ó:
g2()2 = g2+ 2
ij
Ag+ + Ѳ- = AgѲ↓
g22+ + 2Ѳ- = g2Ѳ2↓
Pb2+ + 2Ѳ- = PbѲ2 ↓
: , Ѳ, .
Ag+ -
Ag+ - :
AgNO3, AgF, AgCIO3, AgCIO4, AgMnO4
: AgCH3COO Ag2SO4 AgNO2
Ag+
1. Ѳ
Ag+ -
AgNO3 + Ѳ = AgѲ↓ + NO3
Ag+ + Ѳ- = gl
2. NaOH, Ag . Ag2
gl + NaOH= Ag2 + H2O + NaCl
Ag+ +OH -→ Ag2 + H2O
3. NH3H2O Ag . Ag2
Ag+ + 2 NH3H2O → Ag2 + 2 NH4+ + H2O
4. ʲ - Ag . Ag
Ag+ + -→ Ag
Ag ʲ.
5. 2Cr2O7 Ag . - Ag2 CrO4
2Ag++ CrO42-→ Ag2 CrO4
Ag2 CrO4 . , , , , .
5. 2Dz Ag . Ag Dz
6.2SO4 Ag . Ag2SO4
2.Ag++ SO42-→ Ag2 CrO4
|
|
|
Ag+ SO42 .
7. Ag+ .
- -
8. Na2S2O3 Ag . Ag2S2O3
2.Ag+ + S2O32- → Ag2S2O3
Ag2S2O3 + S2O32- → 2[Ag (S2O3)2]3-
.
AgѲ + 2NH3 = [Ag(NH3)2]CI
䳿 NO3
[Ag(NH3)2]CI + 2 NO3 = AgѲ↓ + 2 NH4N3
[Ag(NH3)2]+ + Ѳ- + 2+= AgѲ↓ + 2 NH4 +
.
g22+ -
.
: Hg2CI2,Hg2I2
: Hg2SO4, Hg2CrO4
: Hg2(NO3)2, Hg2(CIO3)2, Hg2(CIO4)2
g22+
1. NaOH KOH g22+ -
g22+ + 2- = g2↓ + 2
2.ʲ g22+ -
g22+ + 2- = g22↓
g22 + 2-= [g4] + g
3..NH3H2O g22+ . .
g22+ + 2 NH3H2O + NO2-→ [ g2ONH2]NO3 +2 g + 2 NH4+ + H2O
4. 2Cr2O4 g 2+2 . g2 CrO4, .
g 2+2 + CrO42-→ g2 CrO4
5. g 2+2
g 2+2 + u → u2++ 2 g
: , .
6. g 2+2 .
g 2+2
() .
: g () CrO4 .
³ r(III), Fe(II), Fe(III), Co(II) i Cu(II) .
7. 2SO4 g22+ . g2SO4, .
g22+ + SO42-→ g2SO4
8. Na2CO3 K2CO3 g22+ . , .
g22+ + 32- -→ g2O3
g2O3→ gO + g + O2
()
1. NaOH KOH b2+ - Pb(OH)2
b2+ + 2- = Pb(OH)2
Pb(OH)2 NaOH KOH, HNO3.
Pb(OH)2 + 2OH-→ [Pb(OH)4]2-
Pb(OH)2+ CH3COOH→ Pb(CH3COO)2 + H2O
2.ʲ b2+ -
b2+ + 2- = b2↓
b2 + 3→ Pb(CH3COO)
: ʲ
3.NH3H2O b2+ . .
b2+ + 2 NH3H2O→ Pb(OH)2+ 2 NH4+
4. 2Cr2O4 2Cr2O7 b2+ .
2b2+ + CrO42-→ bCrO4
2b2+ + Cr2O72-+ 2 3- +→2bCrO4 + 23
bCrO4 , .
5. 2SO4 b2 + . bSO4,
b2 + + SO42-→ bSO4,
6. Na2CO3 K2CO3 b2+ . b2+ .
b2++ CO32- → bCO3
7. SCN b2+ .
b2 + + 2 SCN-→ b(SCN)2
- . .
, , , .
, , S04, SrS04 S04 , , 1, NѲ, KNO3, , .
|
|
|
. , , , , . , , .
.
г , , , , .
, , . , , . . - .
, . - ' , . .( ).
. , , , , ; . , .
4. Mg(ω, %) , : 1,0135, Mg2P2O7, 0,1325.
 m=1,0135
m =0,1325
Mg2P2O7
|
W-?
Mg -?
W( %)(Mg)= 
W( %)(Mg)= 
* 100%=13%
³: 13%.
3
1
(.) . , , , .
: ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; . , , .
:
1) - , , .
W()= 
2) -, :
W () = 
3) , ,, , .
W ()= 
W (Fe)= 
F = 
1 . F = 0,6994.
|
|
|
2
3- . . 2 . . , .
1) ij 2SO4:
2+ + SO42- = SO4¯, - .
2) Na2CO3 3- .. .
2+ + 32- 3¯. y HCl, HNO3, CH3COOH. 2+ - 2+ l, HNO3, CH3COOH, H2CO3 : CaCO3 + CO2 + H2OCa(HCO3)2.
3) (NH4)2CO3 Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+ : Cl2+(NH4)2CO3MeCO3¯+NH4Cl.
(CaCO3)=1,7×10-8, SrCO3=9,4×10-10, BaCO3=4,9×10-9. CaSO4, BaSO4, SrSO4 - Na2CO3 . MeSO4+CO32- MeCO3¯+SO. BaCO3 CH3COOH 2+ :
BaCO3+2CH3COOH 2+2CH3COO-+2+2.
4) (NH4)2C2O4 2+ 2+- .:
2++242-MeC2O4¯. CH3COOH : 24 . CH3COOH, Sr24 , 24 . CH3COOH.
5) N24 Ca2+, 2+, Sr2+ 4, Sr4, 4.
2+ + 42-4¯;
: 3(4)2, Sr3(4)2, 3(4)2.
32++242-+ NH3×2ή3(4)2¯+ NH4+ + 22.
6) N Ca2+, 2+, Sr2+ , ()2, Sr()2, ()2 .
2+ + 2-()2¯.
6) (NH4) .
:
2+:
1) N266 : N
CaCl2 + N+ N266Ca(OH)2×CaC6O6 + NaCl.
2) K4[Fe(CN)6] - 2, - , :
Ca2+ + + + NH3×2 + [Fe(CN)6]4-N4K[Fe(CN)6]¯ + -;
Ca2+2 NH4+ + [Fe(CN)6]4-(N4)2[Fe(CN)6]¯;
Ca2+ + 2+ +[Fe(CN)6]4-2[Fe(CN)6]¯;
22+ + [Fe(CN)6]4- 2Fe(CN)6]¯;
3) F2 F2:
Ca2+ + F2 F2+2+.
4) 2CrO4- CrO4¯:
2+ + CrO42- + 22ή CrO4×22¯;
5) - SO4×22 2SO4;
6) - -.
Sr2+:
1) N266 . - :
Sr2+ + 662- Sr66¯
2) - : (SO4×22)
Sr2+ + SO4 SrSO4¯+ 2+, - ..
3) 2CrO4- - :
Sr2+ + CrO42- SrCrO4¯;
4) - -.
2+:
1) N266:
2+ + 662-66¯;
+ -:
66 + 2+ + 662-(66)- -
2) 2Cr27- 2+- (6):
22+ + Cr272-+ ͮ2Cr4¯+2+
Cr272-+ ͫCr42- + 2+;
22+ + 2 Cr42-2Cr4¯.
Cr272- - Cr42- - , 2+- . (Cr4) , (Cr27). +, . 䳿 + 3N.
3). l HNO3 .
4) K4[Fe(CN)6]- (2) 2+ :
a2+ NH4+ ++ + [Fe(CN)6]4-(N4)[Fe(CN)6]¯;
5) - - .
3
(, H2Dz) C2H5N=NC(S) NHNHC6H5,; , - - ; . . 168; . , . , , . l3 -. , . . Ag(I), Au(III), Bi(III), Cu(I, II), Fe(II), Hg(I, II),
(- ) . 1905 . . , " ".
䳿 , .
NiCl2 + NH3×2ή[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 + H2O
[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 + H2Dm + 4H2ONi(HDm)2¯ + 2NH4Cl + 4NH3×2
(1,2-) 
- - () . 쳿 .
|
|
|
Al3+ + H2Alis + 3OH-Al(OH)2(HAlis) + H2O
8- (, ) - C9H7NO. - ; 
8- ( , .) (), Mg(C9H6ON) 2, Al (C9H6ON) 3, (Al, Zn, Cd, Mg .).
1--2- (3) - , HNO3, HCl, . ,.
2Cl2 + 
+ 1/22 
+4HCl+H2O
4-
(Cl2)=1/2*111/=55,5/;
m= *C*V/1000=55,5*0,4*500/1000=11,1;
= m/V=11,1/1000=0,111/3.
4
3. - . , . , .
, . , . .
: BaSO4, BaCrO4, CaC2O4 .
. . , . , , . . , .
.
: , , .
:
1. .
2. ,
3. , .
:
1.
2.
3. 150 ,
: , (I) , (),
I > . , , :
- ,
, 
. 
- ; 
- , , .
,
,
.
, 
, ,
.
1. , . , , , , . , . . , . .
:
1. , , .
2. , , 99,9%.
3. () , , , .
4. , , .
5. .
6. , .
, , .
1.
, . г . -, .
2.
. . () , .
3.
ᒺ , , , .
, .
.
, , .
( ).
, , , , . , .
( ) , . , , , .
1. , ᒺ
, (5.6)
C- , -/; 
, /-; 
ᒺ , .
2.
; (5.7)
; (5.8)
, (5.9)
ᒺ , ; 
, -/; 
, , /-; 
, /; 
, .
4.
, (5.11)
, , -/; 
ᒺ , ; , , -/; ᒺ , ; , , /-; , .
5.
- 
, (5.12)
, /; 
- +, ;
- 
, (5.13)
, /; 
- -, ;
- 
, (5.14)
, /; 
- ; 
- .
- , ,
(5.15)
, /; 
- , - .
:
- .
- .
.
( ): Na2B4O7 ∙ 10H2O, Na2CO3, K2Cr2O7, KCl, NaCl, Na2C2O4, H2C2O4 ∙ 2H2O.
: HCl, H2SO4, NaOH, KOH, KMnO4, Na2S2O3 ∙ 5H2O.
, BaCl2 ∙ 2H2O = 0,1,
BaCl2 ∙ 2H2O - Ba
244 - 137,33
0,1 - x
X = 0,056
ω = m (. ) / m ( .) ω = 56, 77%
X = 0, 056 / 0, 5677 = 0, 099 . (. .)
m (.) = 0, 056 .
m (. ) = 0, 099 .
⌂ m () = │m (.) m (.) │
⌂ m = │0, 099- 0, 056│
ε = │0, 099- 0, 056│ / 0, 056 ∙ 100% =76, 78 %
1. ij Na
, As(III) s(V):
[(OH2)6]3- + 3OH- → [Cr(OH2)3(OH)3]↓ + 3H2O
[Al(OH2)6]3+ + 3OH- → [Al(OH2)3(OH)3]↓ + 3H2O
[Zn(OH2)4]2+ + 2OH- → [Zn(OH2)2(OH)2]↓ + 2H2O
[SnCl4]2- + 2OH- → Sn(OH)2↓ + 4Cl-
Sn2+ + 2OH- → Sn(OH)2↓ SnO ∙ xH2O
[SnCl6]2- + 4OH- → Sn(OH)4↓ + 6Cl-
Sn4+ + 4OH- → Sn(OH)4↓ SnO2 ∙ xH2O
As3+ + 4OH- → [As(OH)4]-
As3+ + 6OH- → [As(OH)6]-
()-
1. ()- r(VI)
) ()- - 22 :
2r,3+ + 32O2 + 10 H- → 2rO42- + 82O
2 | r3+ + 8O- - = rO42- + 42O
3 | H2O2 + 2e = 2OH-
) ()- nO4 ( a(V)) :
10 r3+ + 6nO4- + 112 → 5r2O72- + 6Mn2+ + 22+
5 | 2r3+ + 72O - 6 = r2O72- + 14+
6 | n4- + 8+ + 5 = n2+ + 42O
:
) (Ӳ) ;
) ()- (NH4)2S2O8 2S2O8 - (V) (AgNO3) (V) :
2r3+ + 3S2O82- + 72O → r2O72- + 6SO42- + 14+
1 | 2Cr3+ + 7H2O 6e = Cr2O72- +14H+
3 | S2O82- + 2e = 2SO42-
2. (V)- (V)-
-, , ()- :
6I- + r2O72- + 14+ = 32 + 2r3+ + 72O
3 | 2I- - 2 = 2
1 | r2O72- + 6e + 14+ = 2r3+ + 72O
4. ()-, - ()- (V)- , :
2g+ + r42- → g2rO4↓
2+ + rO42- → rO4↓
b2+ + rO42- → br4↓
.
9. - N22Y∙22O - -(1/2) ()- rY- Y4- - :
r3+ + 2Y2- → rY- + 2+
:
) 4-5; ) ; ) F3+-, u2+-, 2+-, Ni2+- , ; ) - -; ) .
1.ó ()
N41 :
[1(2)6]3+ + 3- → [1(2)3OH)3]↓ + 3H2O
[1(2)3OH)3] + 3- → [1()6]3- + 3H2O
[1()6]3- + NH4+ + 2H2O → [1(2)3OH)3]↓ + NH3↑ + 3H2O
2. (H2Alis, 1,2-, 126()2()2) - , , , ):
Al3+ + H2Alis + 3OH- → Al(OH)2(HAlis) + H2O
- 8- (n) - , '-
()-
1. 4[F(CN)6]4- Zn2+- , , :
3Zn2+ + 2+ + 2[F(N)6]4- → 2Zn3[F(N)6]2↓
2.3[F(N)6] Zn2+- - , :
3Zn2+ + 2[Fe(CN)6]3- → Zn3[Fe(CN)6]2↓
2S Zn2+- , 3:
Zn2+ + 2S + 23- → ZnS↓ + 23
4. (, C6H5-NH-NH-CS-N=N-C6H5, H2Dz)
2Dz + 2O- + 2N+ → Na2Dz + 22O
()-
2. ()- ()- (V)-i, - :
Sn2+ + 2O- → Sn()2↓
Sn()2 + 2O- 
[Sn(H)4]2-
3[Sn()4]2- + 2³()3 → 3[Sn()6]2- + 2i↓
6. 2S - N2S - Sn2+- - SnS, (2S N2S).
Sn2+ + 2S → SnS↓ + 2+
.
5. () - 22O4∙22O ()- () :
Sn2+ + 22O4 → SnC2O4↓ + 2+
(IV)-
1. ó (IV)-
Snl4 (V) (V) :
[Snl6]2- + 4 → Sn()4 ↓+ 4+ + 6l-
3.2S - Sn(V)- :
[Snl6]2- + 22S → SnS2↓ + 4+ + 6l-
, Na2S:
SnS2 + 6l → 2[Snl6] + 22S↑
5
1. - ( )
, ( ) : H3O+ + OH- 
2H2O.
- 䳿 .
0,1 ̅0,001 HCl, H2SO4, NaOH, KOH. , , .
1) :
- (, NaOH, KOH, Ba(OH)2 ):
OH- + H+ = H2O
- (, NH3H2O):
NH3H2O + H+ = NH4+ + H2O
- , - (, Na2CO3, NaHCO3, CH3COONa ):
32- + HOH = HCO3- + OH-
H+ + OH- = H2O
NaOH KOH 1 /3, 0,5 /3, 0,1 /3, 0,01 /3 (f () = 1). г Ba(OH)2 (f (Ba(OH)2 = ½).
2) :
- (, HCl, H2SO4, HNO3 ):
H+ + OH- = H2O
- (, (V), , , ):
H3PO4 + OH- = H2PO4- + H2O ( )
- , (1+)- (, NH4Cl ):
NH4+ + H2O = NH3H2O + H+, H+ + OH-= H2O
- - (, NaH2PO4, Na2HPO4 ):
H2PO4- = HPO42- + H+
H2PO4- + OH- = HPO42- + H2O ( )
2HPO42- + 2OH- + 32+ = Ca3(PO4)2↓ + 2H2O ( )
; . : (Na2B4O7⋅10H2O), (Na2CO3) (NaOH KOH). : (H2C2O4), (H2C4H4O4), , HCl, H2SO4.
- : , , .
: , .
- ( , ) , . - .
, () . - (, , , , ).
:
1) ( );
2) ( );
3) .
:
-
1. .
2. .
3.
4. .
5. () .
-
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. () .
5. .
6. .
2. Cr3+, Al3+, Zn2+,Sn2+,Sn4+,As3+,
As5+- ; .
.
ij NaOH KOH (NH4OH):
n+ + nOH- = Me(OH)n↓
Zn2+ + 2- = Zn()2↓ (); Al3+ + 3OH- = Al(OH)3↓ ();
Zn()2↓ + 2- = [Zn(OH)4]2-; Al(OH)3↓ + 3OH- = [Al(OH)6]3-.
1) Cr3+ - .
Cr3+ Cr6+ :
2Cr3+ + 3H2O2 + 10OH- = 2CrO42- +8H2O ( )
2CrCl3 +3H2O2 + 10NaOH = 2Na2CrO4 +8H2O + 6NaCl.
10Cr3+ + 6MnO4- +11H2O = 5Cr2O72- + 6Mn2+ + 22H+(-)
2Cr2(SO4)3 + 6KMnO4 +11H2O = 5H2Cr2O7 + 6MnSO4 +3K2SO4 +6H2SO4.
2Cr3+ + 3S2O82- + 7H2O =AgNO3 Cr2O72- + 6SO42- + 14H+
Cr2(SO4)3 + 3(NH4)2S2O8 + 7H2O =AgNO3 (NH4)2Cr2O7 + 3(NH4)2SO4 + 7H2SO4.
2) Al3+ + H2Alis + 3OH- =Al(OH)2(HAlis) + H2O ( )
3) Zn2+ , .
3Zn2+ + 2+ + 2[Fe(CN)6]4- = K2Zn3[Fe(CN)6]2↓()
3ZnSO4 + 24[Fe(CN)6] = K2Zn3[Fe(CN)6]2↓ + 3K2SO4
Zn2+ + S2- = ZnS↓()
ZnCl2 + (NH4)2 S = ZnS↓+ 2NH4Cl
4) (Sn2+,Sn4+,As3+,As5+) + H2S =
SnS↓ - - ;
SnS2↓- ;
As2S3↓(As2S5↓) - - ;
5) (MgCl2 + NH3 H2O + NH4Cl) As5+:
Mg2+ + NH4+ + AsO43- = MgNH4AsO4↓( ).
As5+:
H3AsO4 + 12MoO42- + 3NH4+ +21H+ = (NH4)3[As(Mo3O10)4] 2H2O↓ +10H2O ( ).
3. , .
, , , :
SO4↓ = BaSO4 = Ba2+ + SO42- - .
, :
1) ;
2) ;
3) - ;
4) ;
5) , , .
.
, , .
Գ : .
(BaSO4) = [Ba2+][SO42-]
: = /y2, .
, , .
: , .
- ;
- ( ) .
: , . .
4.
| : m() = 0,2017. m( Fe2O3) = 10,4954. m( ) = 10,2124. | : 1) ? m (Fe2O3) =10,4954 10,2124 = 0,283. 2) (%) ? W (%)(Fe) = [m(Fe2O3) [F(2M(Fe)/M(Fe2O3))] 100%/ m() = 0,283. 0,6994 100%/ 0,2017. = 98,130 |
W (%)(Fe) -?
³: W (%)(Fe) = 98,13
6
1. , , .
