, , , :
[HA] = Ck
pH = ½ pKk - lgCk, pKk 䒺 . 1 . Ck=1, lg 1=0, 1 . :
= ½ pKk
, .
. , :
= 1/2 = ½ lg
, = 14-.
:
V(-)=2
(KMnO4/Na2C2O4)=0,008348/
m ()=?
______________________________________
m (KMnO4)=c 1/5 KMnO4 *V (Na2C2O4)/1000
T=c* Me/1000 c (1/5 KMnO4 )=T*1000/ Me Me=1/5*158.036=31.6
c (1/5 KMnO4 )= 0,008348/*1000/31.6=0.2641
m (KMnO4)=0.2641*2/1000=0.00053
3. (II)
(II) 䳺 , , Na2S2O3 * 5 H2O
4 KI + 2 CuSO4 = I2 +2 CuI + 2 K2 SO4
2 Na2S2O3 + I2 = Na2S4O6 + 2 NaI
m ()=(CuSO4 * 5 H2O)* (CuSO4 * 5 H2O)* V/1000
20
1.
, : , . , . , , , . , , , ( ). . ³ , , , . - ; , . ʳ :
, 1 2 , .
. , . , .
|
|
, , , , . ̳ . , . , ', , , , , , , . .
:
-
;
-
;
-
, Q0 Q ; Q0 Q .
2.
, . . , + = u = k [A] [B], u - ; k - ( ); [A] [B] - .
1. , , ; .
2. - ; - .
3. ϳ -, .
4. , , , .
. - .
, , .
. , CuCl2 [Cu(OH)6]2-, [Cl(H2O)n], H3O+ .
䳿, , , . , , , .
: () = (), /3.
, , . :
|
|
fx= a(X) / [X]
䳿 :
M = 1/2 ∑c(Xi)∙ z2Xi, /3
1. +-(KCl, NaNO3)^
M = c(KA) = c(X)
2. +2-(K2S, Na2S) i K2+A
(ZnCl2, CaCl2): M = 3c(X)
3. K2+A2- (ZnSO4, MnSO4):
= 4()
.
():
1) - ();
2) - fx
3) : () =[X]∙ fx
3. .
, , , , 璺 . , , .
.
= () = (), . . () .
4.
: m() = 0,2254. V = 1003 V(. ) = 103 V(AgNO3) = 183 c(AgNO3) = 0,0204 /3 V(NH4SCN) = 5,78 3 c(NH4SCN) = 0,0458 /3 | l- + Ag+ = AgCl↓+ Ag+ Ag+ + SCN- = AgSCN↓ W (%)(Cl-) = ME(Cl-) ∙(c(AgNO3) ∙ V(AgNO3) c(NH4SCN) ∙ V(NH4SCN))∙ V ∙ 100 / 1000 ∙ m() ∙ 10 = 35,45 / ∙ (0,0204 /3 ∙ 18 3 0,0458 /3 ∙ 5,78 3) ∙ 1003 ∙ 100 / 1000∙ 0,2254 . ∙103 = 16,117% |
W(%)(Cl-) -?
³: W(%)(Cl-) = 16,117%
21
1. - , (). 䳿 . () ( ), ( ) - . , , , . , . - , , .
. , (), , . .
, , . ,
- . , , . : 1-2 , (5 - 50 ) ( 100 ). 1000 1800 '/ . - 1 2 / . .
, , , - , , .
|
|
(Sn-2) - , . 4,6-4,8 - /2. , , .
( 3-5) . , , . , , . Գ, , , 2 10 , - 3 75 , - 700 2/. : 2 9; , ;
2. 1- , , , + , - :
ʳ , , ().
ʳ , 1 3 , . . , . : 1) ; 2) , ; 3) .
, . , , . , () () .
, ,
. (2.36)
, ,
.
3. .
1879 - . , . ϳ, 1894 . , ( )1- , (1+)- - :
|
|
.
/.
1 3 10-7 (1+)- "7 -.
, 10~7 20 1 3 .
(20) ^ , (20) = [20] = 55.5 /3. , (20) 55.5 /3 . г (2.1)
, (2.2)
.
, - . . . , : /. , - .
, , .
, (1+)- - ' . , . (1+)- , - .
. (1+)- , . ³ . , (1+)- 1-"7 /3, = -lg+] = 7. = -lg[ ] = 7. + = 14 = 14 - .
. , . , . .
- , , - . " ".
, ( < 5). , ( > 8).
, , (ͫ7).
. , 1-2. , ' (, , , , ) 2-10. ( 1-2 ) , . , , . . |
, (, , - , ).
22
1.
, , (2.14)
, /.
; ,
= -lg = 14
2. (l2)= 0,001 M
|
|
C (Na2CO3) = 0,001 M
:
(l2)= C (Na2CO3) = 0,0005 /3
2+ 2 3-
l2 = 2+ + 2l- Na2CO3 = 2Na+ + 2 3-
0,0005 1
1 0,0005
:
[ 2+][ 2 3-]= = 0,0005. 0,0005 = 2,5 * 10-7
2,5 * 10-7 < 5 * 10-7
23