.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


pH .




, , , :

[HA] = Ck

pH = ½ pKk - lgCk, pKk 䒺 . 1 . Ck=1, lg 1=0, 1 . :

= ½ pKk

, .

. , :

= 1/2 = ½ lg

, = 14-.

 

:

V(-)=2

(KMnO4/Na2C2O4)=0,008348/

m ()=?

______________________________________

m (KMnO4)=c 1/5 KMnO4 *V (Na2C2O4)/1000

T=c* Me/1000 c (1/5 KMnO4 )=T*1000/ Me Me=1/5*158.036=31.6

c (1/5 KMnO4 )= 0,008348/*1000/31.6=0.2641

m (KMnO4)=0.2641*2/1000=0.00053

3. (II)

(II) 䳺 , , Na2S2O3 * 5 H2O

4 KI + 2 CuSO4 = I2 +2 CuI + 2 K2 SO4

2 Na2S2O3 + I2 = Na2S4O6 + 2 NaI

m ()=(CuSO4 * 5 H2O)* (CuSO4 * 5 H2O)* V/1000

 

20

1.

, : , . , . , , , . , , , ( ). . ³ , , , . - ; , . ʳ :

, 1 2 , .

. , . , .

, , , , . ̳ . , . , ', , , , , , , . .

:

-

;

-

;

-

, Q0 Q ; Q0 Q .

2.

, . . , + = u = k [A] [B], u - ; k - ( ); [A] [B] - .

1. , , ; .

2. - ; - .

3. ϳ -, .

4. , , , .

. - .

, , .

. , CuCl2 [Cu(OH)6]2-, [Cl(H2O)n], H3O+ .

䳿, , , . , , , .

: () = (), /3.

, , . :

fx= a(X) / [X]

䳿 :

M = 1/2 ∑c(Xi)∙ z2Xi, /3

1. +-(KCl, NaNO3)^

M = c(KA) = c(X)

2. +2-(K2S, Na2S) i K2+A

(ZnCl2, CaCl2): M = 3c(X)

3. K2+A2- (ZnSO4, MnSO4):

= 4()

.

():

1) - ();

2) - fx

3) : () =[X]∙ fx

 

 

3. .

, , , , 璺 . , , .

.

= () = (), . . () .

4.

: m() = 0,2254. V = 1003 V(. ) = 103 V(AgNO3) = 183 c(AgNO3) = 0,0204 /3 V(NH4SCN) = 5,78 3 c(NH4SCN) = 0,0458 /3 l- + Ag+ = AgCl↓+ Ag+ Ag+ + SCN- = AgSCN↓ W (%)(Cl-) = ME(Cl-) ∙(c(AgNO3) ∙ V(AgNO3) c(NH4SCN) ∙ V(NH4SCN))∙ V ∙ 100 / 1000 ∙ m() ∙ 10 = 35,45 / ∙ (0,0204 /3 ∙ 18 3 0,0458 /3 ∙ 5,78 3) ∙ 1003 ∙ 100 / 1000∙ 0,2254 . ∙103 = 16,117%
 

W(%)(Cl-) -?

³: W(%)(Cl-) = 16,117%

 

21

1. - , (). 䳿 . () ( ), ( ) - . , , , . , . - , , .
. , (), , . .
, , . ,

- . , , . : 1-2 , (5 - 50 ) ( 100 ). 1000 1800 '/ . - 1 2 / . .
, , , - , , .

(Sn-2) - , . 4,6-4,8 - /2. , , .

( 3-5) . , , . , , . Գ, , , 2 10 , - 3 75 , - 700 2/. : 2 9; , ;

 

2. 1- , , , + , - :


ʳ , , ().

ʳ , 1 3 , . . , . : 1) ; 2) , ; 3) .

, . , , . , () () .

, ,

. (2.36)

, ,

.

 

 

 

3. .

1879 - . , . ϳ, 1894 . , ( )1- , (1+)- - :

.

 

/.

1 3 10-7 (1+)- "7 -.

, 10~7 20 1 3 .

(20) ^ , (20) = [20] = 55.5 /3. , (20) 55.5 /3 . г (2.1)

, (2.2)

.

, - . . . , : /. , - .

 

, , .

, (1+)- - ' . , . (1+)- , - .

. (1+)- , . ³ . , (1+)- 1-"7 /3, = -lg+] = 7. = -lg[ ] = 7. + = 14 = 14 - .

. , . , . .

- , , - . " ".

, ( < 5). , ( > 8).

, , (ͫ7).

. , 1-2. , ' (, , , , ) 2-10. ( 1-2 ) , . , , . .

, (, , - , ).

22

1.

, , (2.14)

, /.

; ,

 

= -lg = 14

 

 

2. (l2)= 0,001 M

C (Na2CO3) = 0,001 M

 

:

 

(l2)= C (Na2CO3) = 0,0005 /3

2+ 2 3-

 

l2 = 2+ + 2l- Na2CO3 = 2Na+ + 2 3-

0,0005 1

1 0,0005

 

:

[ 2+][ 2 3-]= = 0,0005. 0,0005 = 2,5 * 10-7

2,5 * 10-7 < 5 * 10-7

 

 

23





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