, .
Na+, K+, . .
Ag+, , Pb2+. ( ( l) = 2 / 3). ϳ 䳺 . (AgCl)=1,781010; (Hg2Cl2)=1,31018; (PbCl2) = 1,6105.
.
2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, Pb2+. ( (½H2SO4) = 2 / 3). . (BaSO4)=1,11010; (SrSO4)=3,2107; (CaSO4)=2,5105; (PbSO4)=1,6108.
l3+, Cr3+, Zn2+, Sn2+, As, AsV, Sb. NaOH . ó , : [Al(OH)4], [Zn(OH)4]2, [Cr(OH)4], [Sn(OH)4]2 , ; , , , SnO22 .
Mg2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Bi3+, Sb3+, SbV. NH3 25%. ϳ 䳺 , . Mg(OH)2, Mn(OH)2, Fe(OH)2, Fe(OH)3, Bi(OH)3, HSbO2, HSbO3.
(Mg(OH)2)=7,11012; (Fe(OH)2)=7,21016;
(Mn(OH)2)=1,91013; (Fe(OH)3)=3,21040;
(Bi(OH)3)=4,31031.
u2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, Hg2+. NH3 NH3 25%. ϳ 䳺 , , , , : [Cu(NH3)4]2+, [Co(NH3)6]2+, [Ni(NH3)6]2+, [Cd(NH3)4]2+, [Hg(NH3)4]2+.