17. :
DRILLING
There are many ways of discovering the underground oil, but the only way to get it is to make a deep hole called a borehole, or a well, through the rock, earth and sand. The steel framework over the well is called a derrick. From this the machinery that drills the hole is raised and lowered.
The technique of well drilling goes far back into history. It is first mentioned in ancient Chinese manuscripts, which describe wells drilled as early as the third century A.D. to tap underground strata for brine. The wells were drilled with a heavy bit, which hung from a rope and was raised up and down by several of men jumping on a spring board.
The petroleum industry is traditionally considered to have been born in 1859 near Titusville, Pennsylvania where Drake drilled the first well. In Russia the first oil well was drilled in 1856 by a Russian engineer A.F. Semenov. At around the same time oil wells wre also being drilled in other places, notably at Oil Springs, Ontario, Canada and Wietze near Hanover, Germany and there is some doubt as to which country should be credited with having drilled the first commercial oil well. All these wells were drilled by the cable tool methods.
The cable tool system was essentially a method of making a hole by repeated blows with a bit attached to a drill stem, a heavy length of steel suspended from a wire rope. The hole was kept empty except for a little water at the bottom. After drilling a few feet, the bit was pulled out and the cutting removed with a bailer, an open tube with a valve at the bottom. Steel pipes known as casing, of progressively smaller diameter, were run from time to time to prevent the hole from caving and to keep back any water flow.
Cable tool drilling was cheap, simple and effective for shallow wells, but progress was slow and no means was provided for stemming the flow of oil and gas when encountered under pressure. In such cases the wells blew out and spewed quantities of oil and gas over the countryside. The gushers of these early days were spectacular but wasted a lot of oil and gas, and were a serious fire hazard.
The present-day method of drilling, known as the rotary method was introduced at around the turn of the century. With this method, the bit, instead of moving up and down, is attached to the bottom of a string of steel pipes and rotated by means of a rotary table which turns the uppermost pipe or kelly. Drilling fluid or drilling mud is continuously circulated down through the hollow drilling string, through the bit and back up to the surface through the annular space between drilling string and borehole wall. The drilling fluid flushes the cuttings out of the hole and, by the weight of its column, holds the fluids under pressure in formations penetrated by the bit, thus greatly reducing the risk of blowout.
A variant of rotary drilling is known as turbo-drilling. With this method the pipe is not
rotated but is kept stationary and the bit is rotated on bottom by means of a fluid motor or turbine powered by the mud stream. Although the rate of penetration of the bit can be faster with this method than with conventional rotary drilling the bit wears out much faster, so that the overall efficiency is lower. However, the method has some application where high-grade steel is difficult to obtain, and where rapid bit wear is unimportant.
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18. :
1. What is the only way to get the underground oil? 2. When is well drilling mentioned for the first time? 3. How were the wells drilled then? 4. Which country should be credited with having drilled the first commercial oil well? 5. What is the cable tool system? 6. What advantages and disadvantages of cable tool drilling do you know? 7. Whats the difference between cable tool drilling and rotary method of drilling? 8. What variant of rotary drilling do you know? 9. Where is turbo-drilling applied?
19. Drilling :
1. The appearance and development of well drilling technique.
2. Cable tool method of drilling.
3. Rotary method of drilling.
4. Turbo-drilling.
20. :
Superdeep Drilling
Our drillers have completed the stage of sinking a superdeep well. The drilling of a superdeep drilling well is of tremendous scientific interest because the majority of problems that interest researches are still at the stage of hypothesis. It is very important to know the composition and physical state of interior spheres of the Earth, what physico-chemical transformations of matter are taking place there, or how these rocks move to cause the drift of continents and especially the origin of the Earch.
Superdeep drilling is a very labour-consuming process. And all the more in arctic conditions. Each pipe coming to the drillers from the factory is subjected to electroscopic testing.
To reach the planned depth is a job so serious and so complex that the drillers must calculate literally every step. The geologists working on the superdeep well are using the latest methods of geological and geophysical research. They have obtained data which tend to change our concepts of the lower storeys of the Earths crust.
1. :
oil (petroleum), underground (subsurface), discover (find), hole (bore-hole, well), raise (lift), drill (sink), tube (pipe).
2. :
discover - raise -
drill - rotate -
lower -
3. :
, , , , , , , , , - , , .
4. :
superdeep - cross-out -
origin rock sample -
sink - deviate
hoist - electroscoping testing -
5. , :
1. The drilling of a superdeep well is of tremendous scientific interest.
2. It is very important to know the composition and physical state of interior spheres of the Earth.
3. Superdeep drilling is not a labour consuming process.
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4. Drillers must calculate every step.
5. The geologists working on the superdeep well are using the latest methods of geological and geophysical research.
21. . , .
Student: I am a petroleum engineer and I am interested in the construction of a subsurface
centrifugal pump.
Teacher: All right. You may put questions to me and Ill try to answer them.
Student: Well, what can you say about the dimensions of such a pump?
Teacher: As far as I know, the cross-sectional dimensions of a motor are restricted by
the diameter of the casing string but the length of it is quite considerable.
Student: As far as can judge the speed of this motor must also be considerable.
Teacher: Yes, as it was mentioned in special literature the speed of subsurface pump
motors is about 3000 rpm.
Student: Well, if the length of a subsurface centrifugal pump is considerable (about 7
meters) then it is not convenient for transportation?
Teacher: Right you are, for transportation the motor and pump which are quite long are
placed on special racks keeping them fixed and protecting them from bending under
gravity.
Student: Thank you very much for the information you have given to me.
22. :
The professor, who was famous for being absent-minded, returned home and rang at the door.
The ring was answered by a new maid. The girl looked at him inquiringly.
Um-ah- is Professor Thompson at home? he asked, naming himself.
No, sir, the maid replied, but he is expected any moment now.
The professor turned away, the girl closed the door. Then the poor man sat down on the steps to wait for himself.
At the Top
- A telegram from George, dear.
- Well, did he pass the examination this time?
- No, but he is almost at the top of the list of those who failed.
Father: Arent you ashamed to be at the bottom in a class of twenty-eight boys?
Willie: Oh, thats not so bad.
Father: What do you mean, not so bad?
Willie: Suppose there were fifty boys.
7
: 1. I.
: Oil and Gas Field Development
1. :
[ ] - g a s, n a tural, dyn a mic
[ ] - p u mp, prod u ction, fl oo ding, res u lt, c u t, n u mber,
[ ] - pr o blem, o ptimal, c o st, p o rous.
[ ] - imp or tant, c a ll, a ll, w a ter, sm a ller, sh or t
[ ] - w or k, s ur face, occ ur
[kw] - e qu ipment, qu arter
[k] - me ch anical, lo c ated, inje c tion
2. , :
development [ ], accordance [ ], geological [ ], hydrodynamic [
], occur [ ], mechanical [ ], pressure [ ], fluid [ ], various [ ], maintain [ ], injection [ ], artificial [ ].
3. :
oil (gas) field [ ] - ()
development [ ] - ,
consist [ ] in -
in accordance [ ] with -
condition [ ] - ,
project [ ] - ,
well [ ] -
datum (pi data) [ ] -
obtain [ ] - ,
exploratory [ ] drilling -
exploitation [ ] -
spacing [ ] - ()
production [ ] well -
interrelated [ ] -
occur [ ] - ,
flow (n) [ ] - ,
porous [ ] -
stratum (p1 strata) [ ] - ()
lift -
surface [ ] -
flowing well -
fluid (n) [ ] -
formational pressure -
directly (adv) [ ] -
by means of -
air-gas lift - - ()
subsurface [ ] -
pump [ ] -
inject (v) [ ] - ,
injection -
compressed gas -
maintain [ ] - ,
ensure [ ] - ,
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rate of production [ ] - ,
injection well -
water flooding [ ] -
edge water [ ] -
large scale [ ] - ()
artificial [ ] -
cut (n) [ ] -
expenditure [ ] - ,
operate (v) [ ] - (.: )
area (n) [ ] - ,
save (v) [ ] -
due to -
reduction [ ] -
cost [ ] -
4. :
a complex work, to the surface, special development projects, based on, during exploratory drilling, consists in, optimal spacing, through porous rock, well exploitation, by the natural formational pressure, various engineering equipment, subsurface pumps, a compressed gas, water flooding, on a large scale due to the reduction of, the cost of.
5. :
oil and gas field, a complex work, special development, natural conditions, drilling and exploitation, important problems, optimal spacing, production wells, is dictated by..., geological conditions, hydrodynamic and economicalcalculations, through porous rock, the methods of lifting, they can be classified into..., two basic groups, mechanicalexploitation, a compressed gas, 70 percent, the given system, to increase the distance, the result of which, in a short period of time.
6. , , :
develop - development, explore - exploratory, exploit - exploitation, dictate - dictator, geology - geological - geologist, calculate - calculator - calculation, occur - occurrence, pore - porous - porosity, mechanics - mechanical, vary - various, equip - equipment, directly, compress - compressor - compressed, press - pressure, maintain - maintenance.
7. -al:
special, natural, optimal, geological, economical, mechanical, formational, artificial.
8. development :
1. The Soviet economic development plans provide for the dynamic and balanced growth of social production, the speeding up of scientific and technical progress and so on. 2. The development of industries must meet the countries growing requirements in metals, energy, chemical products, timber and building materials. 3. Gas and oil were first discovered in the North Sea off Britains shores recently. But still coal has a role to play in the countrys energy policy based on the development of fossil fuels.
9. :
to consist of - ...
Many of the oil fields in California consist of not one but several individual oil pools
to consist in - ...
Now the task consist in choosing a proper prospecting method
9. Participle I ( I) -ing . , Participle I :
)
(
-, -, -, -)
the boiling water the teacher training students
corresponding units the pipes connecting the oil tanks
a moving body the engineer testing these devices
a reading man
) ( ):
1. +
2. , -,
3. ( )
Working with the substance
Reading an English text
When developing an old field
They usually filter water using hand filters.
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Participle I : Continuous:
1. is working in the laboratory.
2. They were discussing a very difficult problem.
3. Students will be working here from 9 till 12 oclock in the morning.
15. , Participle I..
1. Working with the substance, the experimentor always adds some water to it. 2. The problems facing our laboratory this year are very important for our industry. 3. Carbon combines with oxygen, forming carbon dioxide. 4. The man, lecturing in Room 312 is a professor of our department. 5. Reading technical texts research workers pay attention to new information. 6. The students are experimenting with new substances. 7. The seminar beginning today ends in three day. 8. The Dean is opening the meeting. 9. The water flowing from springs and streams makes rivers or lakes. 10. The students are completing there work. 11. The students completing their second year to the institute go for their professional training to different plants and oil fields.
11. Participle II (e II) III . II ed, :
)
( (
)
-,-,-)
the connected tubes the new device made at our planet
a writing letter the mixture divided by the experimentor
the given facts the letter writing by me
the developed theory
) ( )
When asked to read the text, Pete did it well.
Watched from the Earth, Mars looks like a red ball.
Heated at 800 C, the mixture melted.
II , :
) Perfect to have + Participle II
The engineer has brought the drawings to the shop.
I have not seen you since October.
We had finished the work 6 o'clock.
) to be : to be + Participle II
The new method is studied by our group.
He was met by us at the station.
The star is seen only in the mornings.
Such pipes will be made by our plant only.
ed, .. , II .
:
1. The divided portions of the mixture were put in separate test tubes.
2. The mixture divided by the experimentor was heated in separate tubes.
3. The assistant divided the magnet into the separate pieces.
4. The data obtained helped to study the new substance.
TEXT 7
Oil and Gas Fields Development
1) Oil and gas field development is a complex work consisting in drilling of the field and lifting of oil and gas to the surface.
3) Oil fields are developed in accordance with special development projects based on the natural conditions of the well.
4) One of the most important problem in the development projects consists in the optimal spacing of the production wells, which is dictated by the geological conditions of the field and is based on hydrodynamic and economical calculations.
7) When developing an oil field two interrelated processes occur: flow of oil and gas through porous rock of the stratum and lifting of the oil and gas to the surface.
8) The methods of lifting the oil to the surface are called the methods of well exploitation. All known methods of oil well exploitation can be classified into two basic groups: exploitation of a flowing well and mechanical exploitation.
In flowing wells the fluid (oil and gas) is lifted to the surface by the natural formational pressure. In mechanical oil wells the fluid is lifted be various engineering equipment located directly in the well, for example, by means of air-gas lifts and subsurface pumps. In air-gas lift wells the oil is lifted by injecting a compressed gas or air into the well. Injection of gas and water into the well is the best method of maintaining the formational pressure, ensuring high rates, of oil production. In Russia more than 70 per cent of oil produced using this method.
Water is pumped into special injection wells are drilled in accordance with the given system of oil field development. Injection of water into the wells is called also water flooding. In the Soviet Union edge water flooding was first used on a large scale in developing the Tuymazin oil field.
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Artificial maintenance of the formational pressure made it possible to increase the distance between production wells, the result of which is a smaller number of wells and a out in oil field expenditure.
The experience gained in operating the Tuymasyn oil field has been used in all large oil fields of the Ural-Volga oil area. The system of development introduced at the Romashkin oil field (USSR) made it possible to increase oil production in a short period of time and save large sums of money due to the reduction of well drilling work and the cost of the equipment.
11. :
1. What is meant by oil and gas field development? 2. What are special development projects based on? 3. What does one of the most important problems in the development projects consist in? 4. How can all known methods of well exploitation be classified? 5. In the Soviet Union more than 70% of oil is produced using the injection of gas and water into the well, isnt it? 6. Where was edge water flooding first used in the Soviet Union? 7. What did artificial maintenance of the formational pressure make it possible? 8. Due to what was it possible to increase oil production in a short period of time?
12. :
1) In accordance with - 1)
2) exploratory drilling - 2)
3) well exploitation - 3)
4) flowing well - 4)
5) formational pressure - 5)
6) injection well - 6)
7) water flooding - 7)
8) oil production - 8)
9) oil field development - 9)
10) production well - 10)
13. . .
A. 1) to develop, 2) to obtain, 3) to consist in, 4) to classify into, 5) to lift, 6) to produce, 7) to pump, 8) to drill, 9) to increase, 10) to save.
B. 1) wells, 2) an oil field, 3) the spacing, 4) the fluid, 5) large sums of money, 6) oil, 7) oil production, 8) data, 9) water, 10) groups.
14. , by. , , .
1. The optimal spacing of the production wells is dictated by the geological conditions. (. .) 2. I get to my work by bus. () 3. He finished his work by5 oclock. (k) 4. I was standing by the window (y). 5. They didnt succeed in getting high yields by working with low grade gasoline. (- , ) 6. The temperature has been raised by 150. (). 7.We plan to finish this work by the end of this month. (k). 8. By introducing new methods of development it is possible to increase oil production. ( , ). 9. This book is written by a well-known author. (?). 10. In mechanical oil wells the fluid is lifted by various engineering equipment (?), located directly in the well, by means of () air-gas lifts and subsurface pumps.
16. I II :
to read, to do, to leave, to give, to know, to connect, to make, to speak, to build, to equip, to show, to design.
17. :
; ; , ; ; , ; ; , ; ; , ; ; ; , .
18. , I II.
1. We keep the materials used for laboratory works only on these stands. 2. The information received helped the scientists to solve the problem of the long-distance communication. 3. This drilling equipment is of modern design. 4. When burnt gas produced heat. 5. Designing new mining machines engineers should pay attention to geological conditions of mines. 6. The device designed by the group of engineers meets all the requirements. 7. The first wells drilled more oil wells in the Caucasus. 8. The boxes containing these minerals are under this desk. 9. They are reading the instructions for the next laboratory work. 10. Heated even to high temperatures water does not expand. 11. The tank and the pump were connected with a thin copper pipe made be the inventor. 12. The speed developed by the new car was 160 km per hour. 13. The words on the board are written in English. 14. This month the students are to work with the material collected by them during their professional practice. 15. The book received contained very important information about the new technology. 16. Developed in the works of this scientist, the theory is becoming very popular now. 17. The train leaving at 10 goes to Odessa. 18. Going to the institute the students living far from it take a bus. 19. The students study the properties of substances, experimenting with them. 20. We are going to finish our planned work in two months. 21. The temperature of air is defined with the help of different measuring devices. 22. The results of the experiments determining the properties of this new metal were recorded with the help of an automatic device.
19. , 12.
20. :
A JOKS
