My University
There are many universities in Ufa. The head of a university is Rector. Usually there are several faculties in a university. Each faculty has a number of specialized departments and is headed by Dean. The course of studies lasts 5-6 years.
The academic year in this countrys higher schools begins on the 1-st September and is divided into two terms (semesters). Students take exams at the end of each semester. If the results of the examinations are good students get grants. Twice a year students have vacations two weeks in winter and two months in summer.
My university has several buildings, old and new ones. There are many various laboratories. There is a very good library and a computer centre in the main building.
Every faculty has its own specialized library, laboratories, workshops and computer centres.
The first- and second- year students study general engineering subjects, in the third year students begin to study specialized subjects.
A very good tradition of our University is that theory is accompanied by practical training. Students begin to work at the Universitys well-equipped laboratories and in senior years at various plants, design offices and research institutes of this country.
It is interesting but difficult to study at our University, especially for the first-year students as they do not know yet how to organize their work and time.
19. , :
as far as I know, in fact, as is known, as a rule, it should be noted that, to my mind, in my opinion .
A: Youve become a student of Ufa Petroleum University, havent you? I wish I knew more facts about this higher educational establishment.
B: Well, I shall tell you a few words about the University and the system of higher education in Russia with pleasure.
A: Im at your disposal. Come on.
full-time student, part-time student, to study by correspondence, department, to enter university, to work at an oil-field, to come to the university from industry, to specialize in; the curricula ( ), social sciences ( ), general science ( ), specialized subjects ( ), to offer different specializations ( ), to go through industrial training ( ), to graduate from university ( ).
20. :
AT AN EXAMINATION
At a college examination a professor asked: Is the question too difficult for you?
Not at all, sir, answered the student. Not at all. It is quite clear. It is the answer that bothers me.
bother .
3
: 1. - .
2. .
: Petroleum.
1. :
- already, water, important, source, form, caulk;-
- first, purpose, determine, surface, commercial, occur, Earth;
- manuscript, cure, use, valuable, accumulate, fuel, numerous, value, utilize, - -
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- illumination, impurity, insulate, manufacture;
- gigantic, require, nitrogen, science, hydrogen;
- value, trap, gravity, manage, shallow, battle, characteristic;
- discover, production, combustible, crust, colour, conduct, sulphur, substance;
- carbon, dark, calm;
- ancient, efficient, explanation, formation;
- various, vary;
- disease, cheap, treatment, reach, seep, believe, increase, frequent.
2. :
ancient - ,
accumulate - ()
admit -
combustible - ,
caulk - (, )
carbon -
conduct - ,
cure - ,
disease -
dwelling - ,
determine - ,
dissolve - (), ()
decomposition - ,
Earth's crust -
film -
frequent -
gravity -
hydrocarbon -
value - , , .
valuable -
hydrogen -
illumination -
incendiary -
insulator -
impurity - ,
lubricant -
manuscript -
migrate -
nitrogen -
oxygen -
odour -
oil -
property -
surface -
seep -
sedimentary -
smell -
silt - , ,
sulphur -
trap -
utilize - , syn. apply, use
well -
: 1) to be was, were been ()
2) to begin began begun ()
3) to come came come ()
4) to fall fell fallen ()
5) to give gave given ()
6) to get got got ()
7) to know knew known ()
8) to lead led - led ()
3.
:
1) manuscript 1)
2) ancient 2)
3) properties 3)
4) lubricant 4)
5) surface seeps 5)
6) commercial production 6)
7) valuable 7)
8) combustible 8)
9) specific gravity 9)
10) rainbow film 10)
4. :
ancient manuscript, curing properties, medical treatment, sources of energy, combustible oily liquid, different impurities, specific gravity, colorific value, accumulation of thick layers, quantity of different impurities.
5. :
efficient property, illumination of dwellings, commercial production of fuel, modern petroleum industry, gigantic depths, characteristic smell, specific gravity, organic origin, mixture of fluids..
6. , , :
treat treatment; value valuation valuable valueless; develop development; oil oily; geology geologist geological; differ difference different; combustion combustible combustibility; important importance; explain explanation explainable; accumulate accumulation accumulative; origin original originality originally originate origination; occur occurrence; sediment sedimentary sedimentation; substance substantial; dissolve dissolution dissolvable dissolvent.
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7. .
: since ; ; , c , ;
1. Only since 19 century A.D. people have begun to use petroleum as one of the most important sources of energy. 2. Since we know all the properties of this substance, we use it in our experiment. 3. We did not finish our work since we had no necessary mixture of fluids. 4. We have done many interesting investigations since the foundation of this research laboratory at our plant. 5. I have not carried out any experiments in the laboratory since I graduated from the Institute. 6. Since such applications didnt require large amounts of oil, ancient people managed with oil they got from the surface seeps.
8. , only, the only, for.
: only
the only
for , ; , ,
1. Only from ancient manuscript man has known about different properties of oil. 2. The only way to use petroleum in medicine is to study its curing properties. 3. Ancients used petroleum for the illumination of their dwellings. 4. For the purpose of illustration let us consider the chemical basis of oil. 5. The scientists have used this substance for it is more important. 6. For a long time the question of oil origin was not solved. 7. For oil doesnt conduct electricity, people use some of its products in the manufacturing of insulators. 8. The geological science has not yet given a clear explanation for the petroleum formation.
9. .
: very ( )
the very book ,
1. Very often petroleum engineers drill deeper wells. 2. This is the very substance we need in our experiment. 3. This scientist knows the theory of organic origin of petroleum very well as he works very hard. 4. The very first step to use the scientific method is to obtain some facts by observation and experiment. 5. In the very nature petroleum is oily liquid. 6. In a very calm, shallow sea, dead plants and animals fell to the bottom.
10. .
: because
because of -
1. Petroleum is the most important fuel and energy source because of its high calorific value. 2. Petroleum has a characteristic smell because it contains small amount of sulphur, nitrogen and oxygen. 3. People used petroleum in everyday life because it is a cheap and efficient lubricant. 4. Scientists continue to discover new curing properties of oil because it is very important for medical treatment of many diseases.
11. , : both
both and , ;
1. Petroleum contains both the compounds of carbon and hydrogen. 2. The odour of petroleum depends both on the composition and quantity of hydrocarbons and other impurities. 3. Scientists admit both theories of petroleum origin both an inorganic and organic. 4. As petroleum is a mixture of fluids, both liquid and gaseous, it often migrated far from the place where it originated.
12. .
, : present
at present
to present
to be present
1. At present, petroleum is the most important fuel and energy source. 2. Smaller amounts of sulphur, nitrogen and oxygen are present in petroleum. 3. This student presented the report on different properties of petroleum. 4. The teacher explained the Present Tense at the last lesson. 5. His present work is very important for the clear explanation of petroleum accumulation.
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13.
. .
1) to apply 1) hydrocarbons
2) to discover 2) petroleum
3) to accumulate 3) a well
4) to drill 4) sources of energy
5) to consist of 5) in geological traps
6) to contain 6) commercial production
7) to depend on 7) one`s colour
8) to determine 8) calorific value
9) to dissolve 9) pressure and temperature
10) to increase 10) in water
11) large amounts of oil
14. ,
c because because of: , because of because of -, , .
1. Building engineers study geology because they must know the local ground, its composition and structure. 2. Engineers must know different control systems because of their wide use in the production and technological processes. 3. The oilmen could increase the production of oil because they used new methods of enhanced oil recovery. 4. The oilmen could increase the production of oil because of the favourable geological conditions.
15. as , ; ;
, ; , ; ; .
as far as I know, as for me, as soon as, as a whole, as is known, as a rule, as well as,
as we know, as a lubricant, as we call it.
16.
:
deep deeper (than) the deepest
() ( (); ( )
())
important more important (than) the most important
() ( ()) ( )
good, well better (the) best
(, ) () ( , )
bad, badly worse (the) worst
(, ) () ( , )
many, much more (the) most
() () ( , )
little less (the) least
(, ) () ( , ,
)
17. a) :
the best method, less than a month, more than a year, as large as, not so cheap as, the worst conditions, the most interesting fact, a very important discovery, the larger
the better, far more useful system, much more steel.
) :
; ; , ; ; , ; , ; .
18. :
the highest, more, the most useful, bigger, more powerful, the cheapest, the nearest, less, the worst, the least, the best, much greater, shorter, less difficult, the most reliable.
19. ,
.
1. Only since 19 century A.D. people have begun to use petroleum as one of the most important sources of energy. 2. Very often petroleum engineers drill deeper wells. 3. The deepest wells reach gigantic depths of 10,000 and even more metres. 4. Besides, oil often contains smaller amounts of sulphur, nitrogen and oxygen. 5. The heavier the oil the darker is the colour. 6. Oil is much lighter than water. 7. At present, petroleum is the most important fuel and energy source.
20. :
PETROLEUM
As we know from ancient manuscripts man first began to apply petroleum already some centuries B.C. Ancient people knew different properties of oil and used it for various purposes. They caulked their ships and boats with oil and made their cloths waterproof. They used petroleum as a cheap and efficient lubricant. Ancients discovered curing properties of oil and used it in medical treatment of some diseases. Besides, they utilized petroleum for the illumination of their dwellings and even as the incendiaries in frequent war battles. Since such application didnt require large amounts of oil ancient people managed with oil they got from the surface seeps.
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Only since 19 century A.D. people have begun to use petroleum as one of the most important sources of energy. The commercial production of this valuable fuel has led to the development of modern petroleum industry.
Petroleum or as we often call it oil is a combustible oily liquid which occurs in sedimentary rocks of the Earths crust. Petroleum usually forms and accumulates in geological traps at the depths of 1,200 2,000 m and deeper. Very often petroleum engineers drill deeper wells (up to 6,000 m). The deepest wells that are not so numerous reach gigantic depths of 10,000 and even more metres.
Petroleum is a liquid which consists of different hydrocarbons, i.e. compounds of carbon and hydrogen. Besides, oil often contains smaller amounts of sulphur, nitrogen and oxygen. Petroleum is a substance with a characteristic smell. The odour of petroleum depends on the nature, composition and quantity of hydrocarbons and different impurities. The colour of oil varies from light brown to dark brown, nearly black. Specific gravity of oil determines its colour. The heavier the oil the darker is the colour. Oil is much lighter than water. It doesnt dissolve in water and forms a thin rainbow film on its surface. For oil doesnt conduct electricity, people use some of its products in manufacturing of insulators. All sorts of petroleum are combustible. At present, petroleum is the most important fuel and energy source because of its high calorific value.
The geological science has not yet given a clear explanation for the petroleum formation. Most scientists, however, admit the organic origin of petroleum. They believe that carbon and hydrogen, i.e., the chemical basis of any oil, came from sea and land plants and animals as a result of their decomposition. In a very calm, shallow sea, dead plants and animals fell to the bottom. The accumulation of thick layers of silt above the organic matter led to an increase in temperature and rise in pressure conditions under which liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons formed. As petroleum is a mixture of fluids, both liquid and gaseous, it often migrated far from the place where it originated.
Notes
B.C. bi: si: = Before Christ bi`f: `kraist
A.D. `ei `di: = Anno Domini ` nou `d minai
i. e. `ai `i: = that is ` t is
21. :
1.When did man first begin to apply petroleum? 2. How did ancient people use petroleum? 3. What factor has led to the development of modern petroleum industry?
4. How can one define petroleum? 5. Where does petroleum form and accumulate?
6. Does petroleum consist of different hydrocarbons? 7. What impurities does petroleum often contain? 8. On what factors does the odour of petroleum depend? 9. Is the color of oil always dark brown? 10. What determines its colour? 11. What is the dependence of the colour of oil on its specific gravity? 12. Are all sorts of petroleum combustible?
13. Is there a clear explanation for the petroleum formation? 14. Do all scientists admit the organic origin of petroleum?
22. , 21.
23. 1) . .
oily to be concentrated
liquid distincitive ,
exclusively to explore
odour twelve-fold bigger 12
to disolve to consider ,
to climb molecular weight
remote epoch
to amount to = to reach
2) .
Petroleum is an oily combustible liquid. It is usually dark in colour and has a distinctive odour. It is much lighter than water and does not dissolve in water.
There are several theories of the origin of oil, as petroleum is often called. Many soientists consider that petroleum was formed in remote epochs by the decomposition of plant and animal organisms out of contact with air.
In tsarist Russia the petroleum industry was concentrated almost exclusively in the Caucasus. In Soviet years many new deposits have been explored. As a result, petroleum production has increased. In 1958 production was more than twelve-fold bigger than in 1913, amounting to 113 million tons. In 1963 it reached 206 million tons a year. By 1980 the production had climbed to 700 million tons a year Oil production kept rising from the 1950s up to the 1980s. In 1989 oil production amounted to 552 million tons, in 2002 it amounted to 379 million tons..
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Like natural gas, petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons, only of higher molecular weight. Petroleum consists for the most part of liquid hydrocarbons, but there are gaseous and solid hydrocarbons dissolved in them.
3.) .
Petroleum is an oily combustible liquid. It is usually dark in colour and has a distincitive odour. It is much lighter than water and does not dissolve in water.
1. What is petroleum? 2. What colour is petroleum? 3. Has petroleum an odour? 4. Does petroleum dissolve in water?
4) , .
1. There are several theories of a) the discovery of oil;
b) the origin of oil;
c) the composition of oil.
2. Many scientists consider that petroleum was formed
a) in remote epochs; b) not long ago; c) in 19th century.
3. Many scientists consider that petroleum was formed by
a) the decomposition of plant and animal organisms in contact with air;
b) the decomposition of plant and animal organisms out of contact with air;
c) the decomposition of plant and animal organisms in contact with water;
5). , .
In tsarist Russia the petroleum industry was concentrated almost exclusively in the Caucasus. In Soviet years many new deposits have been explored. As a result, petroleum production has increased. In 1958 production was more than twelve-fold bigger than in 1913, amounting to 113 million tons. In 1963 it reached 206 million tons a year. By 1980 the production had climbed to 700 million tons a year. Oil production kept rising from the 1950s up to the 1980s. In 1989 oil production amounted to 552 million tons, in 2002 it amounted to 379 million tons.
1. In the Soviet years petroleum production has increased.
2. By 1980 production had climbed to 700 million tons a year.
6) . .
1. Like natural gas, petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons, only of higher molecular weight. It consists for the most part of liquid hydrocarbons, but there are gaseous and solid hydrocarbons dissolved in them.
2. Like natural gas, petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons, only of lighter molecular weight. It consists of liquid hydrocarbons Gaseous and solid hydrocarbons do not dissolve in them.
24. :
IN THE COMPANY OF STUDENTS
What`s your father, Bobby?
My father`s a college professor.
That`s a good profession. Does he like it?
He has only one thing to complain about.
What`s that?
Oh, the students.
* * *
Father: You know that mother is very angry when you get bad marks at college.
Son: Well, it`s not me who is to blame for it`s the teacher who puts bad marks.
* * *
A son at college wrote his father: No mon, no fun, your son.
The father answered: How sad, too bad, your dad.
1) He has only one thing to complain about. .
2) it`s not me who is to blame
3) mon = money
25. , :
as is known, by the way, from my point of view, generally speaking, I`d like to say a few words about, it should be taken into consideration, to sum it up.
A: Hullo, Bobby. What`s the news?
B: Hullo, Ann. How are you? You known, I`ve read an interesting article in the magazine
Oil and gas. It`s about the history of petroleum industry in the USA.
A: Is it really so? How very interesting: I`d like to known some more facts about it.
Could you tell me a few words about oil and its origin? I am going to enter Ufa
Petroleum University this year.
B: With pleasure
26. , ,
.
:
ancient people knew, curing properties of oil, no search for oil, wells were sunk, seepages, one of the most important sources of energy, in sedimentary rocks, in geological traps, at the depth, a combustible oily liquid, smaller amounts of sulphur, a characteristic smell, the colour of oil varies, much lighter than, it doesn`t dissolve in , the organic origin of petroleum.
4
: 1. - .
2. , .
3. little, few, a little, a few.
: Natural Gas.
1. :
- rush, under, production, industry, other;
- borehole, form, source, porous, important;
- obtain, remain, mainly;
- inflammable, sandstone, extraction, natural;
- reach, field, region;
- internal, occur, German, network;
- advantage, France, Carpathian, example;
- either, gigantic, pipeline, limestone;
- Austria, deposit, approximately, volume.
2. . .
Carpathian mountains, Europe; Romania; Austria; France; Italy
acetylene
butane
carbon
chlorine
ethane
hexane
hydrogen
methane ,
octane
propane
pentane
per cent
3. :
accumulate
approximately ,
boiling point
borehole
consist of
decomposition ,
deposit ,
distinct ,
derivative
extraction ,
fuel ,
inflammable ,
limestone
liquid
natural gas
network
occur
obtain
pressure
porous bed
rush .
source
sandstone
volume , (-. )
4. :
1) occur 1)
2) deposit 2)
3) animal and vegetable remains 3)
4) source 4) ,
5) penetrate 5)
6) under great pressure 6)
7) borehole 7)
8) inflammable 8)
9) liquid and solid fuels 9)
10) extraction 10)
5. :
animal and vegetable remains; under great pressure; several boreholes; network of pipelines; low boiling point; 85 per cent; distinct odour; a great amount of heat; numerous new sources; to obtain new materials; over a period of many centuries; over long distances; inflammable gas.
6. ;
natural deposit, separate deposit, porous beds, long distance, gigantic network, typical natural gas, gaseous fuel, raw material, chemical technologist, extraction of oil, reserves of natural gas.
7. , , :
pore- porosity- porous; collect-collection- collective; approximate- approximately- approximation; chemist-chemistry-chemical; gas- gaseous- gasify-gasification; derive-derivative-derivable; extract- extraction- extractive; utilize-utilization; numerous-numerously; intense- intensification-intensify-intensity-intensive; penetrate-penetration.
8. volume (volume ; ).
1.Our university has a library of many volumes of Russian and foreign scientific books and journals. 2. A great volume of gas penetrates into porous beds of sand, sandstone and limestone. 3. As is known, for volume of chemical production this plant is one of the leading ones in our country.
9. . , :
